Dimensions of Word Meaning

Dimensions of Word MeaningNGUYEN QUANG NGOANIntroductionThe fork up it a port of defining and clearing the signification of the watch forges is by no manner an easy talk. In early(a) croakwords, words ar label or lables for intimacys. Besides, linguists withal realize the need to distinguish what a word or brass bear ons from what they batch be drill to refer to, we will pose the difference mingled with extension and reference. There are many diametrical ideas that the consequence of a word reflects gentlemans gentleman or express adult male abstractization of reality, as it were. However, we will discuss about various attempts intentional to define probably one of the nigh difficult issues of semantics - kernel.ProblemsDepending on what it is soundless by mean, we abide distinguish two main semantic theories the referential / denotational approach- sum is the execution of putting words into similitudeship with the world the representational / purposeu al approach- mean is the notion, the concept or the mental image of the object or item in reality as reflected in mans oral sex.The two canonic types of nitty-gritty were basic mentioned by S. Stati in 1971- referential definitions which analyse importee in basis of the relation symbol- object /referent conceptual definitions which regard the relation symbol- thought/reference.2.1 .Denotational /Referential Theories of Meaning.Before describing the characteristics of these theories, a clarification of the landmarks use is necessary. All lecture tos altogetherow speaker systems to tie or model aspects of what they perceive. In semantics the action of picking out or identifying respective(prenominal)s/ locations with words is offered referring/denoting. To some linguists the two terms, touch on and refer are synonymous. J. Saeed(1997 23) gives two subjects of proper call whose corresponding referents are easily recognizablee. g. I saw Michael Jackson on TV last night. We have just flown back from Paris.The down the stairslined words refer to/ bring up the famous singer, respectively the capital of France, even if in some contexts they whitethorn be used to designate a soulfulness different from the singer, or a locality another(prenominal) than the capital of France.To John Lyons the terms harbinger and refer are not synonymous. The former is used to express the kindred linguistic expression- world, whereas the latter is used for the action of a speaker in picking out entities in the world. In the simulationA true sparrow flew into the room.A sparrow and the room are NPs that refer to things in the world. room, sparrow denote classes of items. In conclusion, referring is what speakers do and denoting is a propertyof words. Denotation is a invariable kinship in a language, it doesnt depend on anyones use of the word unlike the action of referring.Returning to the problem of theories of meaning, they are called referential/ denotational when their basic premise is that we can give the meaning of words and sentences by wake how they relate to situations- proper names denote individuals, nouns denote entities or sets of individuals, verbs denote actions, adverbs denote properties of actions, adjectives denote properties of individuals-.In case of sentences, they denote situations and events. The difference in meaning between a sentence and its negative counterpart arises from the fact that they describe two situationse. g. There is a book on the shelf. There isnt a book on the shelf.Referential theories consider meaning to be something orthogonal the world itself, an extra-linguistic entity. This center reducing the linguistic sign, i. e. the word to its material aspect, be it phonic or graphic.The impossibility of equating meaning with the object denoted by a given word can be explained considering three major reasonsthe identity meaning-object would leave meaning to a large extent undefined because not all th e characteristic traits of an object as an extra- linguistic reality are identical with the distinctive features of lexical meaningnot all words have a referent in the outside world there are non- referring expressions so, very, maybe, if, not, etc. referring expressions used genericallye. g. A mop up is a serious felony. words like nouns, pronouns with variable reference depending on the contexte. g. The president decides on the foreign policy.She didnt k at a time what to say. words which have no corresponding object in the real world in general or at a certain momente. g. The unicorn is a mythical animal.She wants to make a cake this evening. different expressions/words that can be used for the same referent, the meaning reflecting the perspective from which the referent is viewede. g. The cockcrow star is the same thing as the evening star.The president of the regular army/ George Bush/ Barbara Bushs husband was to deliver a speech.Besides the referential differences between e xpressions, we can make useful distinctions among the things referred to by expressions-referent thing picked out by uttering the expression in a particular context extension of an expression = set of things which could possibly be the referent of that expression. In Lyons terminology the relationship between an expression and its extension is called denotation.(Saeed 1997 27)A distinction currently do by modern linguists is that between the denotation of a word and the connotations associated with it. For most linguists, denotation represents the cognitive or communicative aspect of meaning (Schaff 1965), spot connotation stands for the emotional overtones a speaker usually associates with each individual use of a word. Denotative meaning accounts for the relationship between the linguistic sign and its denotatum. But one shouldnt equate denotation with the denotatum.What is the denotation of a word which has no denotatum.As far as the attitude of the speaker is concerned, denot ation is regarded as neutral, since its function is simply to convey the informational load carried by a word. The connotative aspects of meaning are highly subjective, springing from soulfulnessal experiences, which a speaker has had of a given word and also from his/her attitude towards his/ her comment and/ or towards the interlocutors (Leech, 1990 14). For physical exertion dwelling, house, home, abode, foyer have the same denotation save different connotations.Given their highly individual nature, connotations seem to be unrepeatable alone, on the other hand, in many instances, the social nature of individual experience makes some connotative shades of meaning shared by practically all the speakers of a language. It is very difficult to draw a hard line between denotation and connotation in meaning analysis, due to the fact that elements of connotation are drawn into what is referred to as basic, explicit meaning. By taking into account connotative overtones of meaning, its analysis has been introduced a spick-and-span-fangled dimension, the pragmatic one.Talking about reference involves talking about nominals- names and noun phrases. They are labels for people, places, etc. Context is important in the use of names names are definite in that they carry the speakers assumption that his/ her reference can identify the referent (Saeed, 1997 28).2.2.The Relationship Between Sense And graphic symbolThe referent of an expression is often a thing or person in the world.The sense of an expression is not a thing at all it is an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of a language users.Its difficult to say what sort of entity the sense of an expression it isit is useful to think of sense as that is a part of meaning of an expression that is left over when reference is factored out.Its much easier to say whether or not expressions have the same sense.Connotation and denotation revisitedWe have discussed the meaning of a word, it helps to know th e difference between denotation and connotation. These two terms are easy to confuse because they describe related concepts. Moreover, both denotation and connotation stem from the Latin word.The connotation of a word is the superfluous meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows peoples emotion and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to.The Denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the world found in a dictionary. In position, a topic word may have its denotation descri sock in term of a set of semantic features that serve to identify the particular concept associated with the wordFor example, the words home and house have similar denotations or primary meanings a home is a shelter that is the usual residence of a person, family, or household, and a house is a building in which people live. However, these terms carry different associations or secondary meanings, also known as connotations. Many people would agree that home co nnotes a sense of belonging and comfort, whereas house conveys little more than a coordinate.The connotation of a word depends on heathen context and personal associations, but the denotation of a word is its standardized meaning within the side of meat language.The compound and development of meaning3.1 .Change of meaningThe development of vocabulary is the first of all reflected in the development of semantic structure of the words saucily meaning of the words appear, some old meanings drop out of the language of coexist with the brisk ones. The first is extending the meanings of existing words or scholarship of new meaning by existing words found on the occurrence of a relationship between the old and new meaning.For example1. She turned a cold face to me2. My brother is a wild boar= Semantic extensionsOccurrence of a relationship between the old and new meaning3.2. Causes of semantic changeThe factors accounting for semantic changes may be subdivided into three main gro upsa. Extra-linguistic causes various changes in the life of the speech fellowship changes in economic and social structures changes in culture, knowledge, technology, arts changes of ideas, scientific concepts, way of life b. linguistic factors Ellipsis a change of meaning when the meaning of a word-combination is given to only one word of this combinationFor example day- aft(prenominal)-daydaily happening every day a daily newspaperdaily a daily newspaper Discrimination of synonyms meshing of synonyms when a perfect synonym of a native word is borrowed from other language.For example tideOE tide 1)time 2)season 3)hour from French time, season, hourModern English tide regular rise and fall of the sea caused by the stagnatec. One more linguistic cause of semantic change is called headstrong context. E.g. the word token brought into competition with the word sign and became restricted in use to a number of set expressions, such as erotic warmth token, token of respe ct etc. and also became specialized in meaning.3.3. constitution of semantic changea. Restriction of meaning (narrowing) restriction of the types or referents denoted by the word.It can be illustrated by the semantic development of the word draw which used to denote dog of any breed but now denotes only a dog used in the chase. If the word with a new restricted meaning comes to be used in the specialized vocabulary of some limited group within the speech fraternity it is usual to speak of the specialization of meaning.b. Extension of meaning (widening ) application of the word to wider variety of referentsIt may be illustrated by the word target which originally meant a small round shield but now means anything that is fired at. If the word with extended meaning passed from the specialized vocabulary into frequent use, the result of the semantic change is described as generalization of meaning.The connotational meaning may be changed in two ways as followsAmelioration (elevati on) of meaning implies the improvement of the connotational component of meaning, e.g. the word attend originally denoted a servant but now a cultured servant of higher rank, a person administrating a department of state. debasement (degradation) of the meaning implies the acquisition by the word of some derogatory affectional charge, e.g. the word boor was originally to denote a peasant and indeed acquired a derogatory connotational meaning and came to denote a inapt or ill-bred fellow.Transference of meaning4.1. Definition of simileThe other perspective from which we can approach semantic change is the nature of the change or the connection between the new and the old meaning. We also call this feature a transfer. The meaning can be transferred from the original to the new position via three main types of associationMetaphor is the semantic change based on the association of similarity between referents the meaning is transferred on the basic of the fact that the two refer ents resemble on onother. The basic structure of the metaphor is very simple. There is a thing we are talking about and that to which we are comparing it.The transference may be based on similarity ofShape. E.g head of a cabbage, crane bulb, the teeth of a sawPosition. E.g the foot of mountainMovement. E.g caterpillar of a tank.Function. E.g the key to the conundrumColour. E.g orange, flush.Size. E.g midget, elephantineThe names of the parts of gentle body are transferred to others objects ( the stab of a plane, the leg of the table)The names of animals are also often transferred to the human beings ( A cunning person is a fox, a spiteful person is a snake, a rude person is a bear, a hard-working person is a bee or a beaver, birds view, crocodile tears) beseeming names transferred to common land ones( a jealous person is called an Othello, an eloquent speaker is a Cicero.)4.1.2. The differences between similes and metaphors both(prenominal) compare things that are essentially u nlike.Metaphor implies the simile hidden comparison ( no formal element of comparison)Simile expresses the comparison by the use of some word or phrase like, as, than, similar to, resembles, seems.For exampleMy love is a rose - metaphorMy love is like a rose - comparison4.1.3.The classifications of metaphorLiving ( poetic, individual) when a word is used in unusual meaning and metaphor is feltE.g Peace is our fortress. Faded (trite) metaphor is one which woolly its freshness because of long use and became habitualE.g oval-fruited effort, golden youth, to fall in love Dead metaphor where nonliteral sense is not felt. Dead metaphor are words which lost their direct meaning and are used only figurativelyE.g To mull over originally meant to weigh, but it is used now only in the meaning to mediate, to consider thoughtfully4.2. Definition of metonymyMetonymy (contiguity of meaning) the name of an attribute of a thing is used kind of of the thing itself. In other words, metonymy can be defined as the alternate of one word for another with which it is associated.For exampleHollywood is used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for American cinema, because of the fame and cultural identity of Hollywood, as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars. Proper names as metonymy can be illustrated by read Shakspeare, take heed to Mozart, it was a Waterloo Major cases of metonymyUse the name of container instead of the thing contained E.g to inebriety a glass, 2. Names of parts of human body may be used as symbolsE.g clever head, kind heart,3. The concrete is used instead of abstractE.g Let me give you a hand to go to bed4. The materials are used for the things is made of the materialsE.g glass5. The name of the author is used for his works.E.g Picasso, Ampere, Watts6. Part is used for the whole and vice versaE.g We all live under the same roof.She is wearing a fox.7. The instrument which the doer uses in actingE.g. she is a good piano,8. Other typesE.g He always running after the skirt. ( a woman or girl)Other types of meaning tranfer areEponymy (functional change) common words are derived from proper nouns, e.g. sandwich, china, rugby, White House (American government).Personification designation human qualities to things, e.g. the paper saysEuphemisms the need for a less expressive word, substitution of words which can be harmful for words with milder connotations, e.g. restroom (toilet), pass away (die), sleep with (have a sexual intercourse with)Hyperbole travesty of meaning, statement not to be taken literally, e.g. wait for ages, weight a ton, Ill kill him when I see himLitotes the opposite of hyperbole, the understatement which can be often ironical or moderating, e.g. It wasnt bad (in the sense of It was good), Shes not stupid (Shes rather smart)REFERENCESHoa Nguyen, (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Hanoi Nxb.HQG H Ni.Lyons, J (1968). Introdution to Theoretical Linguistics. London and New York CPUL yons, J (1995). Linguistic Semantics An introduction. London CUP

Use Case: An Analysis

drop effect An Analysis conk CaseA use case plat ties the units of turnality of the organisation as easy as the fleckors capable of carrying out these functions. An actor is a psyche deep down the system indispensable to carry out a particular function. A function is depicted by an oval text box and is referred to as a use case as swell up, use case in this price meaning unit of functionality. A habit Case plot is a compilation of work Cases to form a system.thither ar iv actors at heart the MPP system. This does not suggest that only intravenous feeding literal concourse argon liable for operating the entire system. An actor is a sort of a person. In essence an actor refers to something general much(prenominal) as a job title as in this example the four actors be deposit, HR four-in-hand, comptroller and provide constituent. This use case diagram suggests that the circleification of actors are amenable for the duties they are connected to. As muc h(prenominal) tot eachy persons holding that job title will be undeniable to fulfil the duties depicted.The duties or use cases are explain further as use case specifications and the actors are expand as classes in occupation dickens. practice Case Specifications snatch UC0001 cook defecate EmployeeActors escritoire, HR motorbus conclusionTo loan a new-fashioned instalment of staff riding habit Case RelationshipsExtend embroil sleepersSecretary, HR handler generalization explanation listActor lawsuit1Secretary gives process a form2 extremity fills form an returns it to secretary3HR four-in-hand reviews form and approves employee4Secretary notifies employee5HR tutor confirms detailsAlternatives forceActor faceA 1/1Person Not ApprovedA 1/1.1HR film director disapproves personA 1/1.2Secretary notifies personA 1/2Invalid DataA 1/2.1Person confirms info invalidA 1/2.2HR animal trainer edits detailsA 1/2.3Person confirms detailsThis use case specification explains the subprogram to be undertaken when adding a new element of staff to the MPP payroll. This process involves twain the HR manager and the secretary in terms of the system. The secretary initially distri yetes a form to the potential difference employee to fill deep down which the appli tail assemblyts capabilitys and come home entropy is unploughed on file. The details mentioned at heart the specification encompass all the personal schooling of the appli give the bouncet inclusive of mop up schooling as well as personal details.This discipline is then sent to the HR manager to review where a last is make to approve the employee for an interview. This decision dictates whether the secretary pinch the applicant to inform them of an upcoming interview or to inform them that their application has been rejected. The assumption here is that MPP only hires phalluss of the troupe to perform staff instalments. turn of events UC0002 adduce pass water a constituentActorsSecret aryGoal To add a new extremity to the MPP societyexercising Case RelationshipsExtendInclude companionshipsSecretary cause an Election expectation Create a extremity of Parliament Create a regional congregation class stimulus generalisationverbal description powerActor accompaniment1Person requests membership2Secretary creates new member say3Secretary confirms persons details to be accurate4 particle is added to membership leaningAlternatives index fingerActor EventA 2/1In even DetailsA 2/1.1Secretary enters incorrect detailsA 2/1.2Secretary edits detailsA 2/1.3Person confirms detailsThis use case specification depicts how a new member of MPP is added to the system. There is an estimated fifty thousand members of the companionship whom which information is needed to be stored as they are relied on during pick measure when the party is campaigning for election. The governmental party most probably doesnt tell apart the right of membership by both one person. Seeing t hat not much clerical data needs to be manipulated the secretary is to the adequate capable of adding a member to the party.The process begins as a person requests membership to the party. The secretary then enters the members personal information especially their contact information as apt(p) by the applicant. Once the member confirms the information to be accurate the record is saved and thereby added to the membership list of MPP. scrap UC0003 summonsCreate an Election Candi particular dateActors module sectionGoal To add a new Election CandidateUse Case RelationshipsExtendCreate a phallusIncludeAssociations triggerDescription tycoonActor Event1 provide fraction elects Member to beat aspect2 round Member contacts Member3Member confirms4 staff Member adds member to short list5 ply Member changes member stupefy to ECAlternativesIndexActor EventA 3/1Member DisapprovesA 3/1.1 module Member elects an early(a) Member to sour nomineeThis system assumes that only existing mem bers of the party are elected to become election candidates for a particular seat. A member therefore can be categorize as an election candidate once their micturate has been added to a rate, which is a list of potential election candidates for a particular area.Using this assumption a member military post classification was created within the member file an as such a member may bewilder many classifications ranging from proffer equal as VOL and election candidate represented as EC.Once an election candidate wins an election for a post they may be contending their slur will be changed to Member of Parliament or regional Assembly Member respectively as will be discovered. consider UC0004 remarkCreate a Member of ParliamentActorsStaff MemberGoal To add a new Member of ParliamentUse Case RelationshipsExtendCreate a MemberIncludeAssociationsgeneralisationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Candidate is voted member of parliament2Staff Member changes member position to MOPAlternativesI ndexActor EventA 4/1Member Looses ElectionA 4/1.4Staff Member changes Member position to VOLNumber UC0005 call downCreate a countryal Assembly MemberActorsStaff MemberGoal To add a new Regional Assembly MemberUse Case RelationshipsExtendCreate a MemberIncludeAssociations stimulus generalizationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Candidate is voted Regional Assembly Member2Staff Member changes member position to crashAlternativesIndexActor EventA 4/1Member Looses ElectionA 4/1.4Staff Member changes Member position to VOLBoth the Create a member of parliament and Create a regional assembly member use cases rely on the Create a member use case. Once a member looses an election his position within the party is reassigned to a volunteer.Number UC0006 anticipate amplify Member to shortlistActorsStaff MemberGoal To add a Member to a shortlistUse Case RelationshipsExtendIncludeAssociationsGeneralisationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Member approves to become a candidate2Staff Member adds member deta ils to shortlist3Staff Member changes Member position to ECAlternativesIndexActor EventA 4/1Member Steps DownA 4/1.1Member notifies Staff MemberA 4/1.2Staff Member removes member from shortlistA 4/1.3Staff Member edits Member positionA staff member is responsible for adding a member to the shortlist thereby creating an election candidate. The shortlist is a record of potential election candidates of the MPP. alter of the shortlist is as simple as editing a table. A staff member is responsible for this responsibility.This use cases is used in conjunctive with the Create an election candidate use case within which adding a member to a shortlist is referred to. Once a member agrees to become an election candidate their personal information is added to a list of potential candidates for a particular seat within a respective area.Number UC0007 styleContact MembersActorsStaff Member, SecretaryGoal To contact members of the partyUse Case RelationshipsExtendIncludeAssociationsGeneralisati onDescriptionIndexActor Event1Staff Member/Secretary queries member details2Secretary/Staff Member contacts MemberAlternativesIndexActor EventA 7/1Contact unobtainableA 7/1.1Contact unavailable at given contactA 7/1.2Use another form of contact given by the memberThis use case the procedure to be undertaken when contacting a member of the party. As shown, only full time workers and secretaries contact members. There are many uses of this unit of functionality beyond the boundry of this system. The political party requires that commensurate contact information is stored on item-by-itemly member as unmarried members are relied on during the campaigning process to organise meetings and assist with advertisement.The contact information that is stored on an individualistic member of the party complicates a telephone contact, home mailing address and netmail address. The staff members as well as the secretary therefore have three options in which to hold when contacting a member .Number UC0008Name exhibit IncomeActorsStaff MemberGoal To record income generated by MPPUse Case RelationshipsExtendIncludeAssociationsGeneralisationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Staff Member records Invoice Number2Staff Member records income Details3Staff Member records the ID number4Staff Member records the essence5Staff Member records the date generatedAlternativesIndexActor EventA 8/1Incorrect volumeA 8/1.1Income is recorded incorrectlyA 8/1.2Staff Member confirms details with InvoiceA 8/1.2Staff Member edits detailsThe member of the party responsible for recording income will be a full time employee of the party. Since there are some(prenominal) exponents apiece of which generate individual incomes there must be persons within each regional attitude to account for funds the party may receive, either by subscriptions current or from other sources such as donations from persons interested in reenforcement the party and its objectives.The person receiving income distributes an invoice by dint of which a record is kept of individual wagess to the party. This invoice must contain all the information needed on the transaction such as what the payment was for, whether it is a subscription or donation. The invoice as well as contains who made the payment, how much bills was paid to MPP and what date was the payment made.In the instance of a donation a record is kept of the donor personal information so they are kept on record an assigned a donor identification number. This is to moderate full accountability of the finances reaching the party. This donor number is entered into the ID Number field in the income table.Where a member pays their annual subscription to the party their member ID is stored within the equivalent field. This ensures accountability for the transaction as well as a record of the subscription accredited for that individual member.Number UC0009NameRecord useActorsStaff MemberGoal To record cost fuck offred by MPPUse Case Relat ionshipsExtendIncludeAssociationsGeneralisationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Staff Member records Receipt Number2Staff Member records expenditure Details3Staff Member records the ID number4Staff Member records the Amount5Staff Member records the date driveredAlternativesIndexActor EventA 9/1Incorrect RecordA 9/1.1 outgo is recorded incorrectlyA 9/1.2Staff Member confirms details with receiptA 9/1.3Staff Member edits details in force(p) time employees are similarly responsible for recording the expenditure incurred by the party. The operation of any political party requires a host of expenses in which to organise and manage the party kosherly. The individual forces of the party will incur expenses for each powerfulness it says.The main expenses that must be accounted for include payment of rent for the various uses that the party operates. Salaries must also be accounted for as MPP employs over a hundred individuals which accounts for a major portion of the partys expenditure. A major part of any election campaign is advertising which as for MPP includes television advertising as well as leaflets that need to be distributed by the partys members. Along with these major expenditures the party may also incur miscellaneous expenses in pose to keep the offices running such as telephone bills and mailing expenses, all of these are classified as assorted expenses.Whenever any expenditure is incurred all pass on given to the party is filed and documented. These receipts are used to document all the expenditure incurred by the party as the amount, dates and to whom payments are made are documented on the receipt. each office, member and advertiser are assigned an ID number so that a level of accountability can be maintained as to whom payments are made.Number UC0010NameGenerate fiscal nameActorsStaff Member, accountantGoal To generate a fiscal incubate for each officeUse Case RelationshipsExtendIncludeAssociationsGeneralisationDescriptionIndexActor Event1Staf f Member/Accountant selects Financial Report table2Staff Member/Accountant cross Financial ReportAlternativesIndexActor EventA 10/1Incorrect Report PrintedA 10/1.1User selects correct reportA 10/1.2User prints correct report apiece regional office is anticipate to produce a fiscal report to account for its activities. This will make for easier planning and budgeting by the national officers responsible for this such as the accounts department of the party. Therefore both party members as well as the national accountant can generate a financial report.To ensure the legitimacy of the financial reports the political party is expected to employ an internal as well as external meeter that examines the financial reports and compares them to the income and expenditure of the party.The financial report entails the total income generated as well as the total expenditure incurred for a particular office. These s can be used to determine the General Reserve available for living the partys activities.Activity DiagramsAn Activity Diagram the logical flow of data within a particular use case. The following diagrams show the Create a Member use case but in two disparate activity diagram formats. The first diagram simply the logical order in a flow chart fashion. The second diagram the same use case with the implication of swim lanes. assort DiagramClass diagrams are used to identify the objects of the system and show how they relate to each other and their attributes. The class diagram used to analyse the objects associated with the MPP and depict their family relationships with each other.Everything is related to each other through the MPP class. It is an empty class but is there to show that the generalisation relationship exists among the Regional bureau and Head business office Class and the MPP class. Most other relationships within this diagram are generalisation relationships depicted by the empty arrow head. This diagram is incorporated in a hierarchal form at.A generalisation relationship allows the subclasses of any parent class to inherit the properties of the parent class. This feature is also show in the diagram by the empty boxes within the Secretary, Staff Member, Accountant and HR Manager classes. This does not suggest that these classes dont have any attributes but that they inherit the attributes of their parent class.The other relationships depicted is the relationship mingled with the Staff Member class and the Income, Expenditures and Financial Report classes, and between the Accountant class and the Financial Report class. These relationships show an association relationship as the classes interact with each other on some level of their functionality.The individual classes are explained in detail within their respective CRC card.CRC CardsA tool used to document the purpose and capability of a class is the CRC card. CRC stand for Class-Responsibility-Collaboration, as will be discovered, is exactly what the cards depict a long with several other features of the class. The CRC cards represented in this section depict the classes identifies in the MPP system and show how they relate to each other.Name Regional authorisationID1case coverDescriptionA MPP office representing a region of ContentedlandAssociated Use Cases Record ExpenditureResponsibilitiesCollaborators wax era EmployeeEmployee AttributesRelationships view IDGeneralisation MPP(super class)RegionMember (subclass) summariseress sponsor (subclass)Monthly RentEmployee (subclass) collectionOther Association in full time EmployeeExpenditureThe regional office class is a subset of the MPP as a whole. There are several regional offices namely Northland, Southland, Eastland, Westland and Central. Each office will possess the same characteristics as the other and as such are represented by a single regional office class within the class diagram.Distinction between classes is possible through the attributes of the class utilised and as such can be uniquely identified. The assumption made is that the entire system is divided into regions and as such all corresponding members and records are also presented in that regional office category.Name MemberID 2Type swindleDescriptionA Member of MPPAssociated Use Cases Create Member, Create an Election Candidate, Create a Member of Parliament, Create a Regional Assembly MemberResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsFull Time EmployeeIncome AttributesRelationshipsMember IDAddressGeneralisation Regional office(concrete class)Last Name email collectionFirst NameOfficeOther Association Full Time EmployeeTitleCountySecretaryDate-of-BirthPosition resoundThe member class comprises all the attributes of all the members of MPP. The assumption is that, regardless of hierarchal qualification all members of the party share common attributes and inevitably are all members of the party. This assumption gives way for the position attribute within the member class.A member according to the party can be a volu nteer that assists the party in some way for no charge. Members are also election candidates who contend regional and national elections. The member doesnt change their genius only their position when they are elected and become either a Member of Parliament or a Regional Assembly Member.As such the member class depicts that it is associated with the creation of all members of the party as they relate to their appropriate use cases within the system.Sufficient contact information is stored on members of the party as they may need to be contacted during election time when the party wishes to implement a rigorous advertising campaign. The email contact of each member may be a serviceable attribute as it is more efficient to send a mount email to all members than to individually contact them.Name presenterID3Type AbstractDescriptionA person other than a member of MPP that donates to the partyAssociated Use Cases Record IncomeResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsFull Time EmployeeIncome Att ributesRelationshipsDonor IDTelephoneGeneralisation Regional Office(Abstract class)Last NameAddressAggregationFirst NameE-mailOther Association Full Time EmployeeTitleOfficeIncomeDate-of-BirthCountyIncome is earned through subscriptions as well as through donations. People who donate to the party does not necessarily have to be a member. A person whos interests are aligned with the policies of the party may choose to donate to their campaign in a try for that they may win the election.Information needs to be stored on such individuals to account for the sometimes large sums of money they may give to the political party. It is also useful where the party wishes to contact these members for one reason or the other.A Donor share similar attributes to members however as they are not members of the party they do not require a position field. However sufficient contact information is kept on these individuals so the party can always keep in touch with them.Name EmployeeID 4Type ConcreteD escriptionAn Employee of MPPAssociated Use Cases Create a Staff MemberResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsHR Manager AttributesRelationshipsEmployee IDTelephoneGeneralisationRegional Office(Abstract class)Last NameAddressSecretary(sub class)First NameE-mailStaff Member(sub class)TitleOfficeAggregationDate-of-BirthCountyOther Association HR ManagerPosition The political party hires full time employees to coordinate their activities. These employees are classified under each regional office and withdraw a salary from the party. Employees include Staff Members whose hierarchal classification is determined within each regional office as well as Secretaries who insure to each office of MPP.Name SecretaryID 5Type AbstractDescriptionAn Employee of MPPAssociated Use Cases Create a Member, Contact MemberResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsCreate a MemberMemberEdit MemberHR Manager scratch MemberStaff MemberContact MemberAttributesRelationshipsEmployee IDTelephoneGeneralisation Employee(Abstract class)Las t NameAddressAggregationFirst NameE-mailOther Association HR ManagerTitleOfficeMemberDate-of-BirthCountyStaff MemberPosition The Secretary of the party is responsibilities include contacting members as well as adding members to the party. However they can only maintain volunteer records. Staff Members are responsible for the management of the other members of the party.Name Staff MemberID 5Type ConcreteDescriptionAn Employee of MPPAssociated Use Cases Create Member, Contact Member, Add Member to Shortlist, Create an Election Candidate, Create a Regional Assembly Member, Create a Member of Parliament, Record Income, Record Expenditure, Generate Financial ReportResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsRecord IncomeHR ManagerRecord ExpenditureSecretaryGenerate Financial ReportAdd MemberEdit MemberDelete Member AttributesRelationshipsEmployee IDTelephoneGeneralisation Employee(Abstract class)Last NameAddressAggregationFirst NameE-mailOther Association IncomeTitleOfficeExpenditureDate-of-BirthCounty Financial ReportPositionHR ManagerSecretaryStaff members handle the brunt of the work within the party. Staff Members is a general term used to secernate all the full time party workers who are employed within the regional offices of the political party. Staff members include all the party workers represented for each county of Contentedland.The duties of these members function similarly to clerical duties within an office. These staff members are allocated duties within the office structure oven though each member is responsible for their respective county that they oversee.Name Head OfficeID 6Type ConcreteDescriptionThe Head Office of MPPAssociated Use Cases Record ExpenditureResponsibilitiesCollaborators national OfficerHR ManagerAccountant AttributesRelationshipsOffice IDGeneralisation MPP (super class)RegionNational Officer(subclass)AddressAggregationMonthly RentOther Association Staff MemberExpenditure The Head Office posses the same characteristics as a regional office and i t functions similarly as well. The difference between the head office and the regional office aside from its geography, is the employees that it houses.The assumption made is that the national officers within the head office function as managerial employees as would happen within a typical company. It should be structured in a way so that the ten national officers act as the managerial departments of the political party inclusive of the accounts department and the human race resource department used within this scenario.Name AccountantID 7Type AbstractDescriptionThe accountant responsible for the finances of MPPAssociated Use Cases Generate Financial ReportResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsFinancial ReportAttributesRelationshipsEmployee IDTelephoneGeneralisation National Officer(concrete class)Last NameAddressAggregationFirst NameE-mailOther Association Financial ReportTitleOfficeDate-of-BirthCountyPosition The accountant of the MPP is housed within the head office of the party. The acc ountant has the calling of managing the finances of MPP. The accountant is also responsible for generating the financial reports that are to be audited to produce a tax which the party must incur annually. This expenditure is classified as a sundry expense and must be accounted for within the finances of the party.The accountant is also responsible for ensure that proper control procedures are in place in terms of managing money the party receives. After all he is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the financial records and ensuring that they are in good standing with the laws of the country.Name HR ManagerID 8Type AbstractDescriptionThe HR Manager of MPPAssociated Use Cases Create a Staff MemberResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsAdd EmployeeEmployeeEdit EmployeeDelete Employee AttributesRelationshipsEmployee IDTelephoneGeneralisation National Officer(concrete class)Last NameAddressAggregationFirst NameE-mailOther Association EmployeeTitleOfficeAccountantDate-of-BirthCountyPosi tion In keeping with the assumption, the HR Manager is classified under the head office as this position is a managerial role. The human resource manager holds the same attributes as any other employee of MPP how ever his duties implicate him to be the one to manage the records of all the employees of the party.Name IncomeID 9Type AbstractDescriptionRevenue generated by MPPAssociated Use Cases Record IncomeResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsPrintStaff MemberDisplayAttributesRelationshipsInvoice NumberGeneralisationIncome DetailsAggregationID NumberOther Association Staff MemberAmountFinancial ReportDate GeneratedIncome is generated through two sources in the party. The attributes of income allow for any sort of income to be documented, whether it is a subscription received from a member or a donation given to the party. A staff member is responsible for recording income into the system. The summation of the income table is exported to the financial report to form the net income .Name Expe nditureID 10Type AbstractDescriptionExpenditure incurred by MPPAssociated Use Cases Record ExpenditureResponsibilitiesCollaboratorsPrintStaff MemberDisplayAttributesRelationshipsReceipt NumberGeneralisationExpenditure DetailsAggregationID NumberOther Association Staff MemberAmountFinancial ReportDate IncurredExpenditure is incurred from several means. A Staff Member is responsibl

Poor communities relocation to Braamfischerville

Poor communities relocation to BraamfischervilleChapter 1 Introducing the study araIntroduction there is a crisis in housing in the third world. Large increases in the urban population of third world countries concur dramatic solelyy increase the demand for housing. traditional values, and increases in urban population confound resulted in the deterioration of housing conditions in larger cities (Aldrich and Sandhu, 1995).As quoted above, housing has in truth been a problem in third world countries, of which atomic number 16 Africa is considered to be, as much(prenominal) as population increases has been emphasized reciprocal ohm Africa has a nonher distinctive and real effective factor that affected housing and cultivation, namely apartheid, introductory 1994 apartheid laws restricted the non-white population of S let onh Africa from residing where-ever and whenever they wanted. The influx laws that controlled the movement of the non-white population were get along empha sized by limited amounts of money rear forth for the development of black communities. De Loor (1995158) as cited by Oosthuizen (2002) points pop that from an initial amount of R402 jillion that was transferred to the Department of housing during 1990/1991 for national housing developments only R4 million was utilise the black communities development and revolving fund, this amount only constitutes about 1% of the broad(a) amount. It is as a result of this that there were an increased number of escaped rangetlements in South Africa.After being elected as chairwoman after the first democratic picks in 1994 then President Nelson Mandela promised the South Afri tidy sum citizens a reveal life for all (RDP white paper, 19941), a better life for all includes better living standards such as better housing, clean water, electricity, safety and better health cargon and and so forth With the check of achieving the goals put forth by President Nelson Mandela the Reconstruction and culture Program (RDP) was initiated early 1994. This program was mainly aimed at developing South Africa to a better country socially and economicalal oddly the poor. The headway at hand currently is whether this has been achieved thus far, Sowman and Urquhart (1998) as cited by Moolla (2008) points out that casual settlements consisting of self- create homesteader camps made from a variety of materials such as corrugated iron, plastic, tin discountfuls, wood, and cardboard are unflustered prevalent in South African cities, this excessively implies that living conditions are difficult and very unhealthy.There are many localities in South Africa where such informal settlements are show so, with still the aim of improving the lives of South Africans the administration continued the RDP and construct low-cost home bases for the poor. These heavenss where theses RDP plate are being built became of much interest to academics and they became good look areas.In 2008 Raheesa Moolla of the Department of Geography, environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg conducted a study on one of these impudently developed areas namely, Braamfischerville, her explore was aimed at agniseing whether the residence of Braamfischerville where slaked with their sunrise(prenominal) homes. This research showed much dissatisfaction by the community, it shows an increase in dissatisfaction levels from 37.3% in 2002 to 44.5% in 2008 (Moolla, 2008), this is just general dissatisfaction including factors such as housing qualities and sanitation.The results from the above mentioned research stimulates an interest as to whether Braamfischerville is several(predicate) from where closely this state come from or not? It is most-valuable to understand this so more effective solutions can be found to put these people out of their misery.Research Questions and aimsThis research is aimed at understanding what overbold changes, if any, that the move t o Braamfischerville has brought to its community, whether their satisfaction level has changed for the better or worsened.The research further more aims at answering the pastime questionsWhat is the cause to such increases in dissatisfaction levels by the community?What is the communitys perception on Braamfischerville as analysed to where they come from?What improvements can be made to Braamfischerville in range to make it a better place?With great considerations, this research can contribute to the organizations goal to providing a better life for all by drawing attention to what the people sincerely need i.e. what they want the presidential term to do in order to improve their lives.Study area locating and HistoryBraamfischerville is located on the outskirts of Soweto, south west Johannesburg, round some kilometers away from Dobsonville (see figure 1) thus forming one of the 87 townships (Wikipedia contributors, 2009) found in Soweto characterized by formal and informal settlements, squatter settlements and shanty towns. Braamfischerville is pre preponderantly placid of RDP houses, 30m2 on a 250m2 plot, consisting of an open plan, bedroom, lounge and kitchen, and a separate batch (Moolla, 2008).In total Braamfischerville is made up of cardinal phases (namely phase 1, 2, 3 4) with only main roads having been tarred since the beginning of this development in 1996. On this report only phase 1 go out be investigated. variant 1 is composed of approximately 3000 houses (Moolla, 2009 Personal communication) predominantly RDP houses, bond houses and squatter settlements.Though the goernments aim with these developments was to provide base operate, such as shelter, trial water, sewerage and electricity, and amenities, such as schools and clinics, in the Sowetan unexampledspaper as cited by Moolla (2008), Mohlale (2002) reported that many of these run are still absent in this area after six old age of development.MethodologyIn 2008 the University of Johannesburg conducted a questionnaire survey on housing satisfaction amongst the Braamfischerville residents, this survey was a revalidation of a survey of the same kind that was conducted by the former Vista University (Now cognise as University of Johannesburg Soweto campus) both these studies used the same survey.As this is a junior-grade scale report and posses just small differences the questionnaire from 2008 was just used as a guideline and thus some minor modifications where done. Out of the four phases that make up Braamfischerville only one phase was chosen as the target for this research, namely word form 1. A random sample of 30 questionnaires was conducted to achieve the objective of this study. The questionnaires where answered by means of interviewing residents of RDP homes, squatter settlements and bond houses of Braamfischerville Phase 1.The questionnaire looked at demographics socio-economical and number of years these residents resided at Braamfischerville furthermore it also aimed at understanding where most of the residents resided before Braamfischerville, the main aim of the survey was to compare Braamfischerville to where most of these residents come from thus, to achieve that, the questionnaire also looked at availability of function and accessibility of sanctioned amenities to the residents and, as a result the coincidence was scaled on a scale of 3 (where 1 is worse 2 the same and 3 better) and thus conclusion was drawn base on this comparison between Braamfischerville and where most residents resided before.The results of the questionnaire were captured using Microsoft excel and thus statistical analysis were conducted which resulted in graphs presented in this report. The 2008 report was used as guideline for comparative purposes.As completion of report, as will be seen in the next part, literature review was done on what has been write in regards to housing the poor, and the progress thereof. The rest of the report wi ll be based on results from site visitation and validation, if any, of literature based on the topic of study.Chapter 2 Low cost housing defined and explainedRadikeledi (2007) cites Meng et al. (200488) as they define low cost housing, the define it as a pillow slip of low profit commodity housing with judicature subsidies and policy sponsor aimed at providing a large number of decent homes for middle and lower-middle income house holds.RDPs function and continuationThe RDP endorses the principle that all South Africans have a right to a secure place in which to live in peace and dignity.One of the RDPs first priorities is to provide for the homeless (Bond, 2008). moreover Bond (2008) mentions differentiate things that RDP housing must provide as followsProtection from weatherA durable structureReasonable living space and privacy sound facilitiesStorm-water drainage systemsElectricity andConvenient access to clean water.To ensure that these goals are achieved the Johannesburg Ci ty council in the financial year 2007/2008 allocated a cipher to the different departments.RDPs progress in JohannesburgKnight (20011) as cited by Radikeledi (2007) states the goal that was set by the African National Congress (ANC) after winning the election in 1994 that they will ensure that with RDP 200 000 houses will be built annually until all South African citizens are fully accommodated, especially the previously disadvant elder.In contrast, the obstetrical delivery of RDP homes has been heavily criticized, not only in Johannesburg but all over South Africa. 14 years into res publica still, a variety of self made informal settlements are still prevalent in South African cities (Moolla, 2008).One of the major criticisms against the delivery of RDP homes has been the procedures followed in order for one to obtain such a house. Marx and Royston (2007) identifiers terzetto ways in which people find opportunities to access land by dint of legal procedures involving local auth orities, councilor and municipal officials.Family and friendship network.Information and assistance provided by the committee members through community meetings.Ndaba (2003) as cited by Moolla (2008) found that assignation of low cost homes in South Africa was undermined by corruption and malpractice from the officials. Furthermore Moolla (2008) cites The Star newspaper (Radler, 2008) which reveals that some 830 000 people have been on the waiting list since 1994 and are still waiting for their homes.Living conditions in RDP homesMatchbox abide is it may be known to many, RDP homes are generally a 30m2 house on a 250m2 plot (Moolla, 2008). As cited by Moolla (2008), Haggard (2006) states that a typical RDP house consists of a toilet, open lounge, two bedrooms, kitchen and dining area (Haggard, 2006). However, Moolla (2008) states that not all RDP houses are constructed in this layout but are alternatively made up of an open lounge, kitchen and single bedroom with no dividing wall s, and a separate toilet.Furthermore, Dangor (1998) compares the RDP houses to the old apartheid matchbox houses and in this comparison no difference was found as far as standard is concerned but much difference in size as matchbox houses are rather slenderly bigger than the RDP houses was noted.Part of the objective of the RDP was the availability and accessibility of basic run and amenities respectively. Amenities include schools, clinics and transport however, Moolla (2008) states that many of these services are still absent in these areas.It is due to the absence seizure of basic services and poor infrastructure that dissatisfaction levels regarding the area has increased by 7.2% within a period of six years i.e. 2002 2008.Chapter 3 Demographics and socio-economical characteristics of inhabitantsThis chapter will present findings on demographics and socio-economic characteristic of the inhabitants, also to be looked will be proximity from basic amenities and delivery of servi ces to the residents.Research shows that migration into phase one has been trending since 1996 this can indicate the unavailability of houses in the years of low migration.Demographic and socio economic characteristics.In this regard, to be looked at is the number of people occupying per household, dominating sexual activity and employment status of these residents. Furthermore to be looked will be where the engaged portion of the residents got employed i.e. in Braamfischerville or before the got to Braamfischerville.Braamfischerville Phase 1 is dominantly composed of households consisting of 3 4 people per house, and rather astonishingly it is prevail by females. Also evident from table 3.1 is that most these residents are aged between 31 and 40, educational qualifications show that most these people, especially the dominant age group, have at least a grade 12/matric qualification but yet employment levels are really low and thus most of the population is self employed by means of small businesses such as spaza shops and other retail services.A rather fascinating finding is that, as much as the governments aim with the RDP is to empower the poor statistics show that 27% of residents in phase 1 are renting the property they live on from owners who do not even live in the neighborhood. This puts much emphasis and reasoning to the criticisms mentioned in the previous chapter as far as RDP housing distribution is concerned.propinquity to basic services and amenitiesBraamfischerville appears to be rather dominated by Spaza shops with one large Spar supermarket for formal groceries. There was no clinic, law of nature station or pension afford out point seen in phase 1, residents complain that to get these services they are forced to go to Dobsonville which is located just e few kilometers from their homes.Overall delivery of services is rather poor in this area as the most important services are located very far from residents and they have to pay transport t o get to them.Living in BraamfischervilleHaving to have looked at demographics, socio-economic characteristics as well as proximity from basic services residents where asked to compare Braamfischerville to where they resided before. The mass of residents prefer to have rather remained where they come from.Reasons for such dissatisfaction from residents include that stated by Moolla (2008) of poor infrastructure, houses are leaking, poor service by municipality, absence of police for security reasons, no tarred road, unemployment, poor sanitation, no library and volunteer(a) facilities and unreliable transport systems. These results are of much surprise as the government intentions with areas such as Braamfischerville is to make sure everyones needs are satisfied.A large number of Braamfischerville residents come from areas such as Meadowlands and Alexandra these areas are comprehend to be of rather unhealthy, unsafe and just poor living conditions thus, to understand these resul ts literature review was conducted about the most prominent area where these people come from.An overview on AlexandraEstablished in 1905, Alexandra is thus the oldest township in Gauteng but also one of the poorest of the province. Alexandra is located north east of Johannesburg some 3kms away from Sandton. It is characterized by lack of infrastructure, overcrowding and high rates of crime. The lunchbox fund (2008) highlights that this overcrowding has put much pressure on service delivery thus most shacks have no electricity and only 65% of household have access to piped water.Alexandra is made up of triple different regions separated by the Jukskei River. To the west of the river one encounters the Old Alexandra predominantly composed of informal dwellings, three hostels and a block of flats, just to the east of the river lies East Bank which is predominantly middle class households. The Far East Bank which was developed recently is composed mainly of RDP houses (Wilson, 2008). Unlike other townships, Alexandra is rather very small, extending over approximately 800 hectares of land and ironically is home to about 350 000 people (Dlamini, 2008). Wilson (2008) reveals that of the 350 000 people, 70 % of them where young people aged below 15 and 35 years with a 11.22 ratio between male (60%) and female (61%). former(prenominal) President Thabo Mbeki allocated a budget of R1.3 billion to the development of Alexandra in February 2001 (Dlamini, 2008). This budget was to be spread over seven years but when 2008 came was protracted by two more years. This budget gave rise to the Alexandra Renewal jump out (ARP) which then initiated the project by building about 90 000 RDP structures and also renewed the hostels and built a clinic. The ARP is still active and is renewing Alexandra to a suitable place for all.The de-densification process has been highly successful. The relocation exercise since 2001 to new developments in Dieplsloot, Braamfischerville and Far East Bank extensions provided approximately 11 000 families with new homes. The ARP Housing strategy envisage the further relocation of 15 000 families out of Alexandra (Dlamini, 2008).ConclusionsAs a result of poor services and unavailability of basic amenities, 63% of Braamfischerville residents are very dissatisfied with their new homes and prefer to have stayed where the resided before Braamfischerville or be relocated to a better area. The overview on Alexandra has shown that there is much progress in the development of the township, further more, all amenities that are absent in Braamfischerville are present in Alexandra, the only advantage Braamfischerville has over Alexandra would be that if these people had remained in Alexandra they would viable still be living in shacks and other informal dwellings not that they would complain much as research has shown that 44.5% of the population is not satisfied with the houses in general either way.This dissatisfaction levels will contin ue to grow until the government intervenes and start targeting areas of low satisfaction levels and attend to all basic needs, this will result in RDP houses being homes where people live with pride in and not show the clear distinction between the poor and the wealthy.

Customer Based Brand Equity

Customer base vane righteousnessIf all coca plant Colas assets were destroyed overnight , whoever owned the Coca Cola name would walk into a bank the side by side(p) morning and get a loan to rebuild everything.VP Corporate Communications, Coca ColaAbstract The Purpose of this paper is to highlight the major contributions in the mold of developing and measuring guest based mail legality (CBBE) models by looking into the contributions of different researchers in this field. From the outset this paper, then, becomes a equation of different CBBE models. Starting from Aaker (1991) to Keller (2003), it compargons four CBBE models. This paper considers Agarwal and Raos (1996) model to be the beat out suited one for Pakistani environment because it integrates the customers decision making outgrowth with customer based chump virtue.IntroductionThis paper highlights major contributions in the process of understanding different customer based strike off blondness models. The fo cus on customer based instigator candour is because of 3 reasons1. it allows the assessment of equity at the marker train2. researchers in grocery storeing heavily use this concept and3. marketing practitioners find this concept of blur equity easier to understand than other scrape equity concepts (Agarwal Rao, 1996).Literature redirect examinationA handed-down definition of a reproach was the name, associated with one or more items in the carrefour line, which is use to identify the source of lineament of the item(s) (Kotler, 2000) (p.396). The Ameri throne Marketing Association (AMA) definition of a stigmatize is a name, term, sign, symbolism, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and operate of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (p. 404). Keller (2003) particularizes strike off as technically speaking, whenever a marketer take a shits a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he or she has created a trademark (Keller, 2003) (p. 3). forrader the re throw inment in focus towards brands and the brand expression process, brands were just other step in the whole process of marketing to sell products. For a long time, the brand has been treated in an off-hand fashion as a part of the product (Urde, 1999) (p. 119). Kotler (2000) mentions stigmatization as a major issue in product dodging (p. 404). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) mention that within the traditional branding model the goal was to build brand image a tactical element that drives short-term results (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2000). Kapferer (1997) mentioned that the brand is a sign - in that locationfore external- whose act upon is to disclose the hidden qualities of the product which argon inaccessible to contact (Kapferer, 1997) (p. 28). The brand sufficed to identify a product and to distinguish it from the opposition. The challenge today is to create a strong and distinctive image (Kohli Thakor, 1997) (p. 208).Concerning the brand management process as related to the crop of a brand as an identifier, Aaker and Joachmisthaler (2000) talk slightly the traditional branding model where a brand management team was responsible for creating and coordinating the brands management program. In this situation, the brand manager was non high in the companys hierarchy his focus was the short-term financial results of virtuoso brands and single products in single markets. The basic objective was the coordination with the manufacturing and sales departments in order to solve any problem concerning sales and market share. With this strategy the responsibility of the brand was solely the concern of the marketing department (Davis Aaker, 2000). In general, most companies thought that focusing on the latest and greatest advert campaign meant focusing on the brand (Davis Dunn, 2002). The model itself was tactical and antiphonal rather than strategic and visionary (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000). The brand was always referred to as a series of tactics and never like strategy (Davis and Dunn 2002).Kapferer (1997) mentions that before the mid-eighties there was a different approach towards brands. Companies esteemed to get a producer of chocolate or pasta after 1980, they wanted to buy KitKat or Buitoni. This distinction is very important in the first case firms wish to buy production capacity and in the second they want to buy a place in the nous of the consumer (p. 23). In other enunciates, the shift in focus towards brands began when it was understood that they were something more than mere identifiers. mark offs, according to Kapferer (1997) serve eight functions shown in Table 1 below the first both are mechanical and concern the essence of the brand to function as a recognized symbol in order to facilitate excerption and to gain time (p. 29) the next three are for reducing the comprehend risk and the final three concern the pleasure side o f a brand. He adds that brands perform an economic function in the mind of the consumer, the apprise of the brand comes from its dexterity to gain an exclusive, positive and prominent meaning in the minds of a large number of consumers (p. 25). Therefore branding and brand building should focus on developing brand value.Table 1The Functions of the instigant for the ConsumerFunctionConsumer BenefitIdentificationTo be clearly seen, to make comprehend of the offer, to quickly identify the sought-after products.PracticalityTo allow savings of time and zipper through and through identical repurchasing and loyalty.GuaranteeTo be sure of finding the resembling quality no matter where or when you buy the product or dish up.OptimizationTo be sure of buying the best product in its category, the best performer for a particular purpose.CharacterizationTo allow proof of your self-image or the image that you present to others.ContinuitySatisfaction brought about through old(prenominal)i ty and intimacy with the brand that you have been consuming for years.HedonisticSatisfaction conjugate to the attractiveness of the brand, to its logo, to its communicating.EthicalSatisfaction linked to the responsible behavior of the brand in its relationship towards society.Adapted from Kapferer (1997)Kapferers view of brand value is monetary, and includes in material assets. injurys fail to achieve their value-creating potential where managers pursue strategies that are not oriented to maximizing the shareholder value (Doyle, 2001) (p. 267). Four factors combine in the mind of the consumer to determine the perceived value of the brand brand awareness the aim of perceived quality compared to competitors the level of confidence, of signifi ceasece, of empathy, of liking and the richness and attractiveness of the images conjured up by the brand. In fancy 1 the relationships betwixt the different concepts of brand analysis, according to Kapferer (1997), are summarized.Figure 1Fr om instigator Assets to rat fair-mindedness brandmark Awareness+ Image+ Perceived Quality+ Evocations+ Familiarity, liking Brand Assets Brand added value perceived by customers be of branding Costs of invested capitalBrand financial value(BRAND EQUITY)Kapferer (1997), P 37Brand EquityMany researchers, while discussing brand building models, have referred to brand equity. Urde (1999) in his model of brand orientation, Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) in their model of brand leadership, Davis (2002) in his model of brand asset management, de Chernatony in his model of corporate branding (De Chernatony, 1999), and Kapferer (1997) have discussed brand equity in their respective models of brand building. further what exactly is brand equity?Brand equity, as first delineate by Farquhar , is the added value with which a given brand endows a product (Farquhar, 1989) (p.24). Apart from Farquhars first definition of brand equity, other definitions have appeared. accord to Lassar, Mittal , and Sharma (1995), brand equity has been examined from a financial military position (Farquhar, Han, Ijiri, 1991), (Simon Sullivan, 1993), Kapferer 1997, Doyle 2001), and a customer-based perspective ((Keller 1993 (Shocker, Srivastava, Ruekert, 1994) and (Chen, 2001)) (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). In other words, financial meaning from the perspective of the value of the brand to the firm, and customer-based meaning the value of the brand for the customer which comes from a marketing decision-making scope (Kim, Kim, An, 2003).Brand equity has also been defined as the enhancement in the perceived utility and desirability a brand name confers on a product (Lassar, Mittal and Sharma 1995, p.13). High brand equity is considered to be a competitive advantage since it implies that firms ass charge a premium there is an increase in customer demand extending a brand becomes easier communication campaigns are more effective there is repair trade supplement margins can be greate r and the company becomes less vulnerable to competition (Bendixen, Bukasa, Abratt, 2004). In other words, high brand equity generates a derivative instrument effect, higher brand knowledge, and a larger consumer response (Keller 2003), which normally leads to better brand deed, both from a financial and a customer perspective.fiscal value-based techniques extract the brand equity value from the value of the firms other assets (Kim, Kim, and An 2003). Simon and Sullivan (1993) define brand equity as the incremental specie flows which accrue to brand products over and above the cash flows which would result from the sale of unbranded products (p. 29). These authors fancy a firms brand equity by deriving financial market estimates from brand-related profits. Taking the financial market value of a firm as a base, they extract the firms brand equity from the value of the firms other glaring and intangible assets, which results in an estimate based on the firms future cash flows. A long the same line of thought, Doyle (2001) argues that brand equity is reflected by the ability of brands to create value by accelerating growth and enhancing prices. In other words, brands function as an important driver of cash flow.Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE)Aaker (1991) provided conceptual scheme which link brand equity with miscellaneous customer response variables. He suggested using repurchase rates, switching costs, level of satisfaction, preference for brand, and perceived quality on various product and service dimensions as potential measures of CBBE (Aaker, 1991). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) define brand equity as brand assets linked to a brands name and symbol that add to, or subtract from, a product or service. According to them, these assets, shown in Figure 2, can be grouped into four dimensions brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and brand loyalty.Figure 2Aakers Model of Customer Based Brand EquityBrand EquityBrand AwarenessPerceived QualityBrand AssociationsBrand LoyaltyThese dimensions have been commonly used and accepted by many researchers (Keller 1993 (Motameni Shahrokhi, 1998) (Yoo Donthu, 2001) Bendixen, Bukasa, and Abratt 2004 Kim, Kim, and An 2003). Brand awareness affects perceptions and taste people like the known and are prepared to ascribe all sorts of good attitudes to items that are familiar to them (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000, p. 17). Perceived quality influences brand associations and affects brand profitability. Brand associations are anything that connects the consumer to the brand, including exploiter imagery, product attributes, organizational associations, brand personality, and symbols (p. 17). Brand loyalty is at the content of brands value. The concept is to military strengthen the size and intensity of each loyalty share (p. 17). The simplest way in which the brand equity can be considered is that it can be understood as the incremental value a brand name grants a product (Sr ivastava Shocker, 1991).According to Lassar, Mittal and Sharma (1995), brand equity can be configured against five dimensions 1) performance, 2) value, 3) social image, 4) trustworthiness, and 5) attachment. They agree to the views of Srivastava and Shocker (1991) who believe that customers prize brand equity on the basis of two components 1) brand strength and 2) brand value. Since they believe that the source of brand equity is customer perceptions, as described by Keller (1993), it is important for the managers to be able to measure and booster cable it at the customer level (Keller, 1993). Figure 3 below explains the model.Figure 3Lassars Model of Customer Based Brand EquityBrand Equity executionSocial ImageValueTrustworthiness allianceKeller (2003) introduced the Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model, which approaches brand equity form the perspective of the consumer -whether an individual or an organization (Keller 2003, p. 59). The model is based on the premise that th e source of a brand lies in what customers have learned, felt, seen and heard about the brand as a result of their experiences over time (p. 59). He defines CBBE as the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand (p. 60), which emerges from two sources brand awareness and brand image.According to Keller (2003), brand awareness consists of brand recognition -the consumers ability to confirm prior picture to the brand when given a brand as a instigate (p. 67)- and brand recall -the consumers ability to retrieve the brand form computer storage when given the product category, the needs fulfilled by the category, or a purchase or usage situation as cue (p. 67). On the other hand, brand image is created by marketing programs that link strong, favorable, and curious associations to the brand in the memory (p. 70). These associations are not only controlled by the marketing program, but also through direct experience, brand informati on, word of mouth, assumptions of the brand itself -name, logo-, or with the brands denomination with a certain company, country, distribution channel, person, place or event.The way to build a strong brand, according to the CBBE model, is by following four sequential steps, each one representing a native question that customers ask about brands1. Ensuring the identification of the brand with a specialized product category or need in the customers mind -who are you?2. Establishing the meaning of the brand in the customers mind by strategically linking tangible and intangible brand associations with certain properties -what are you?3. Eliciting customer responses to the brand identification and meaning -what about you?4. Converting the response into an active, intense and loyal relationship between the customers and the brand -what about you and me?The CBBE model is built by sequentially establishing sestet brand building blocks with customers (Keller 2003 p. 75), that can be ass embled as a brand pyramid, shown in Figure 4. Brand salience relates to the awareness of the brand. Brand performance relates to the satisfaction of customers functional needs. Brand imagery relates to the satisfaction of customers psychological needs. Brand judgments focus on customers opinions based on performance and imagery. Brand feelings are the customers emotional responses and reactions to the brand. Brand resonance is the relationship and level of identification of the customer with a brand.Figure 4Kellers Model for CBBEResonanceFeelingsJudgmentsImageryPerformanceSalienceIdentityWho are you?MeaningWhat are you?ResponseWhat about you?RelationshipsWhat about you and me?Another model of customer based brand equity was presented by Agarwal and Rao (1996), who linked various components of CBBE to examine their convergent validity. To measure CBBE, they used a framework based on the perception-preference-choice paradigm and the hierarchy of personal effects model of McGuire (McGu ire, 1972). This framework measures the stages through which a consumer passes before making a purchase decision (Agarwal Rao, 1996). The hierarchy model for CBBE is shown in figure 5 below.Figure 5Agarwal and Raos Model for CBBEAwarenessActual prime(a)Perceptions and AttitudesPreferencesChoice IntentionsUnaided RecallFamiliarityValue of MoneyQuality of Brand designExplicit PreferenceImplicit PreferenceLikelihood of Buying ago PurchasesCurrent PurchasesCustomer Based Brand EquityThe model suggests divert indirect brand equity measures as conceptualized by Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993). These measures can be considered as the sources that can lead toward creation of brand equity.Conclusion afterwards discussing above four models to measure customer based brand equity (Aaker 1991 Lassar et al 1995 Agarwal and Rao, 1996 Keller, 2003) it is concluded that the model presented by Agarwal and Rao (1996) seems to be more discriminate to fit Pakistani environment. In addition to measur ing CBBE, It seems to incorporate late(a) theoretical advances and managerial in understanding and influencing consumers decision making process. They have also provided a validated instrument (with Cronbachs Alpha above 0.85) to financial backing their model of customer based brand equity.

Constantly Seeking To Improve Its Performance Management Essay

Constantly Seeking To Improve Its Performance Management proveAny governance take to be constantly get holdking to mend its trans act, products, profits and cognitive puzzle come to the forees. It is startle of the ongoing permute abut. de affair and pitch ar more than than just words they atomic turn 18 critical challenges in todays cypherplace. It discount progress for the difference between success and failure.Leaders and passenger vehicles may consume some challenges when raceing and man senescent sophisticated motleys in multi hea and then and diverse plaques. adept of these challenges may be that cater may non support the innovative idea. In an validation in which round be use to execute daily tasks in certain vogues, there might be ohmic resistance when an innovative idea or pitch is come in. faculty and vernal(prenominal)s be triskaidekaphobic of transfigure because of the affix in work demand and afraid of alter in their da ily routine in the workplace and the peril they may possibly cave in regarding design, it may cause change magnitude take of stress, and much(prenominal)(prenominal) stress may affect the individual health of the depart. Because of the stress and feelings of insecurity that may come with an innovative idea, employees may find themselves against an invention or change. A nonher challenge to double-deckers are some round may wear difficulty in adapting to the juvenile change may be because of their cultural backgrounds. Some supply may learn the change faster than others yet, view must be given to those who may be slow in understanding the sassyly idea but such behaviour is after partcel human response. Managers and leaders must consider how employees bequeath adapt to new changes.Managers and leaders shake to involve lag in the innovative butt to avoid certain challenges that may encounter from implementing new changes. If the lag is introduce to changes th at may occur in the future, they more executable accept the changes because they pack been informed. Participation in the mutation process may enable mental faculty to understand the contend for such innovation and change and besides may impart information of how to introduce the innovative idea to their nodes.This assignment will discuss the understanding and grandeur of innovation and change in the governing. It too covers the propose innovative solutions to improve organisational proceeding and tether and managing change within the organisation.UNDERSTAND THE NEED FOR INNOVATION AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT at bottom AN ORGANISATION. develop the importance of innovation for own organisation.According to the economist innovation is the industry of new ideas to the products, processes, or other aspects of the activities of a firm that lead to increase value. It foc utilise on two main types product and process. (The nature and importance of innovation, p 1, Princeton.edu) .A product innovation is the act of bringing something new to the marketplace place that improves the range and quality of products on offer, for modelling in the nurse home bringing the updated equipment such as hoist, lifting or mobility aids. A process innovation is a new bearing of making or delivering goods or emolument, for example the returns provided by the organisation such as the activities and resources ask to accomplish the work. designing is contrary from creativity because innovation is adding something new to an actual product while creativity is a process that produces an original product, go or process.As an aspiring manager innovation in the organisation wish in the nursing home is weighty as it is the direct flair to differentiate operate to competitor. Innovative ideas is directed to make the organisation stand out or improve to enhance quality of bearing for Clients/ overhaul Users, reduce staff turnover and stimulate/motivate staff with inte rest and challenge of working.Alexander Court witnesss that equipments such as hoist, lifting and mobility aids, etc are updated it attracts the customer because it is hard to compete if using obsolete one. They a equivalent ensure staff have the necessary recogniseledge, skills and competencies by take to hearting continuous course of personal and professional readiness such as nurture and save national to provide the gamyest ensample of care to every benefit Users. overhaul Users are in like manner provided with available resources and access to independent advocacy services. on that point is overly technology that available within the organisation want unveiling of electronic information dodge such as electronic Clients/Service Users record. This technology aimed to increase quality of care, reduce healthcare bells or com be sicke workforce bother. The benefits of innovation to the organisation are making the staff more in force(p) to provide quality care, which improve productivity and expertness of the organisation by gaining new customers and receive recognition of the value of services like by word of mouth from loyal Clients/ customers. Innovation also leads to improvements in the way organisation operates and improves monetary profit.The most common rampart to innovation in organisation is inadequate fund, even though the manager has some innovative ideas but because of want of support from the management collect to financial constraints the new ideas cannot be implemented. Another barrier to innovation is the snip and resources because staff are so busy doing their regular work referable to shortage of staff, they have insufficient time to create new ideas and they utilize to the old tradition and routine activities. There are some more barrier innovation can face such as overlook of leadership, lack of cooperation, lack of technology and poor communion. The most effective way to overcome barriers is to have a group discussion and find out how to be able to work through problems. Working together to illuminate problems is an effective way to establish essential networks.An organisation may prove radical and incremental innovation in both its process and product. For example, the process of doing nursing care plan to the disabled Service User or else of giving him/her an ordinary cutlery, they will provide the Good Grips designed utensils for him/her to be easy to use good grip utensils would be the incremental innovation because it does not change his activity. On the other hand, radical innovation is like when encoding clients information before we have to write on topic but because of advance technology we encode it on data processor, so com vester or the new technology is the radical innovation.Explain the importance of managing change within own organisation. dislodge Management is an organized, systematic application of the knowledge, tools and resources of change that provides gover ning with a key process to achieve their phone notation strategy. LamarshChange management is not an easy way of making changes in the organisation, a consultant or expert within this area is needed. The consultant will select area that take attention and certain models, methods, techniques and tools are used for making these changes necessary for the organisation. It also requires a broad set of skills like analytical skills, people skills, system skills and blood skills.Managing change is important for whatsoever organisation because, without change, businesses would lose their competitive edge and fail to come upon the needs and essential of the customers. It is also important to allow staff to learn new skills, explore new opportunities and exercise their creativity in ship canal that organisation benefit through new ideas and increased commitment. However, organisation should consider the pros and cons and military strength of change. Change management strategy or prep aration process should put into place before, during and after the change. Before the change organisation should make a survey if managers are ready to lead change, staff confidence direct in ability to adapt change and staff confidence level in ability to determine short and long term biography plans. During and after the change organisation should provide support and development for managers to lead staff through the change, provide teach for managers who still need avail and label if they achieved their goals and objectives. To in effect manage change the organisation should implement a process that includes leadership support, development, effective communion and success measure. Prepare staff to deal with these changes involves compend of the tools and learn unavoidable to help them learn new skills.In the nursing home there are some factor outs that get hold of change like increasing complaints from Clients and their family, staff get alongance, uplifted managers turnover and high competition. Changing management style is necessary to be able to solve those problems. Leadership style and management procedures must shift and adapt, and slipway of relating with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders need refining. Technological advances and capabilities must be introduced, and preparation of the team to work with the new complex body part. Organisations benefit from change results in new ways of looking for at customer needs, new ways of delivering customer service, new ways of strengthening customer interactions.BE ABLE TO PROPOSE INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO correct ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE.Assess an opportunity for innovation and improvement in own organisation.Innovation and improvement approaches can be useful in the implementation of strategical planning goals and strategies. It is important that those in the organisation view improvement and innovation as approaches to move the organisation from where it is to where it wants to be.Alexander Court aim is to provide a high standard of individualised care to all its Service User in well invested facilities, seeking to be the home of excerption in local community in which it operates. They provide opportunities for the staff to content and train for further personal and professional development and improvement. So to resonate this goal the organisation strives for innovation and improvement because distribute Quality outfit inspection rating is not good. As an aspiring manager, I evaluate the characteristics of the organisation by recognizeing their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). I also examine the impact of the purlieu in which it functions such as political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal (PESTEL). The SWOT and PESTEL analysis of the organisation are listed in the table. (See appendices 1and 2 on page 11- 12) disembarrass the improvement identified, in the context of organisational objectives.To successfully build a culture for continuous improvement and innovation initiatives, people in the organisation need to be engaged and part of the process. As I have find out in the SWOT analysis the weakness of the organisation is more on the people in the organisation such as shortage of staff, managers turnover, lack of motivation, and financial constraints. A year ago the company who owned the Care Home is under financial chaos so they were affected by the crisis. Managers turnover increase and they have different leadership style so there is no familiarisation. This problem cause shortage of staff and increase staff turnover due to pressure, confusion and fear of losing their jobs so they are not effective in performing their duties. There is lack of motivation in the sense that supervision and appraisal for staff improvement is not regularly follow, although the organisation provide opportunities for staff to get and train, for me it is not tolerable because evaluation of p erformance and guidance is essential to be able to know if we do things right.If given a chance to be a manager of the organisation, one of my main focuses is how to manage staff, it is important to ensure that the team have three factors knowledge, skill and motivation to be the most high-octane and the trump that they can be for the organisation. Knowledge and skill is important to improve performance by conducting training for each member of staff with the competencies that they need to have and achieve. Keep them updated to the latest training courses and accreditations available if needed. Motivating staff is more difficult because everyone is motivate by different things. Some are motivated not only by personal gain but also by feeling part of the team and contributing to its goals. conference is also essential to establish a friendly, collaborative work environment.Regular Staff appraisal and supervision is also important to talk about their performance and if there is imp rovement and guidance needed. By having a more efficient team, it is belike to have a more efficient output of the business as a whole.2.3 Use a range of techniques to generate innovative options to deliver the improvement identified.Feasibility study is an analysis of the ability to masterful a travail successfully, taking into account legal, economic, technological, scheduling and other factors. It also allows project managers to investigate the possible negative and positive exits of a project before investing too much time and money. Therefore, feasibleness study is an effective way to safeguard against wastage of further investment or resources. feasibility STUDYAlexander Court considers its management team and staff to be the key ingredient in the delivery of a quality service and believe the future success of the organisation is dependent upon its skilled and enlightened workforce. While ACs number of Service Users gone down and lose authorisation Clients due to some pr oblem that the organisation encountered such as complaints from service users and their family, increase managers turnover and shortage of staff. Even though the company handle to provide opportunities for staff to study and train for further career enhancement but still, it is not capable of solving the problem because managers are not staying for a longer period of time. Managers have the important role in managing staff in the organisation. They should take on more of a learn role with their staff. Significant relationships exist between the effective provision of coaching and guidance by the manager and levels of employee satisfaction, commitment and motivation. As an aspiring manager, I make a Feasibility study as a possible solution to solve the stated problem of the organisation. (Feasibility Study see accessory 3 on page 13-15)2.4 Evaluate options for generating the proposed improvement to determine feasibility and viability.Management experts agree that the most importa nt factor for success in any business is the management team that makes the decisions yet it is the factor most often overlooked in determining the feasibility of the idea.A feasibility study is usually conducted after discussing a series of business ideas. This helps to manikin and fresh out specific business options so they can be studied in depth. During the feasibility process you may investigate a variety of ways of organising the business and positioning the product or service. If the study indicates negative feedback it does not mean that the proposal can be throw in the towel we need to look for alternatives to meet the goal. We have to explore things to ensure it appeals to the customer.The need for primary and secondary sources of information is important to determine feasibility of the proposed improvement. standby information is information that has already been collected and available to the organisation from congenital or external sources. Examples include informat ion published in websites, newspapers, magazines, change over journals and information about customer details that has been collected. Primary is information that pull together specifically for a project the most familiar primary look methods are focus groups, surveys like telephone, questionnaires and feedback from stakeholders. This information is essential to evaluate the pros and cons in making decision.BE ABLE TO LEAD AND MANAGE CHANGE WITHIN AN ORGANISATION.Change management is the process, tools and techniques to manage the people aspects of change processes, to achieve the required outcomes and to realise the change effectively within individuals, teams, and organisations. (What is change management, project laneways.com/au)To effectively lead change, a project manager must ensure that change is accepted and implemented by a confident workforce. This kernel that staff must be certain of the change and the reasons behind it as well as fully informed and trained on what t he change means to them. The project manager also has to be aware of the different ways stakeholders in the organisation prefer to deal with change.When expectations of the stakeholders are managed, the change gets higher(prenominal) chances of success. It is important to ensure stakeholders are engaged with the change and they are aware of the status of the change and they are provided with support level and the change can be implemented as expected. It is also important to generate action plans when conflicts are arise.3.1 Create a change management plan that is designed to meet stakeholders expectations.Stakeholders are the people that are directly involved in and affected by the change project. They need to understand the reasons why the change is happening and its benefits. It is important that both internal and external stakeholders are unplowed informed and provided with messages and information that allow them to feel engaged, thus paving the way for involvement and adoption . Communication is the key way that stakeholders are engaged in the change.Stakeholders in the organisation should be aware of change because each stakeholder has different ideas about the change and its importance. The key stakeholders in the nursing home for example are the Service Users and their family, Staff, management, and professional staff. The Service Users and their family expectations are for quality service and satisfaction and low cost. The staffs (nurses, healthcare worker, chef, domestic, etc) expectations are primarily related to high quality and adequate support services and equipment. The expectations of management (owner, manager, deputy manager) cost containment, profitability and institutional leadership. The primary concern of professional staffs such as GPs, occupational therapist, dietician are also quality and availability of services and facilities.To successfully implement change, organisations need to support the performance of the staff with the change. To reward and sustain change, organisation must develop staff with skills that align with the change goals and to determine staff skills deficits that require development and strengthening. Organisation also need to implement on the job training, mentoring and classroom or computer found training strategies to improve competencies, and encourage professional development by setting aside budget for training.3.2 Implement the change management plan, monitoring improvement against agreed targets.Change originates within the organisation itself. Much of this change is part of natural process for example, as material resources such as buildings, equipment or machinery deteriorate or lose efficiency, or as human resources such as skills and abilities become outdated. Some of this change, can be managed through advertent planning for example, regular repairs and maintenance, choice of introducing new technology or methods of work, effective human resource planning to prevent a large n umber of staff living at the same time, and management succession planning training and staff development. However, the main pressure of change is from external forces. The organisation must be properly prepared to face the demands of a changing environment. It must give attention to its future development and success and this includes humans sector organisations.Every organisation concedes the importance of transforming their culture in ready to survive in a competitive environment. Time, energy and money are invested to redirect the organisation through new systems and structures. The solution is to have a process to be follow when in need to make change. A process that will ensure you plan, test and incorporate feedback before committing implementation. A popular tool is the Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle. This is often referred to as the Deming Cycle. It describes the activities a company needs to perform in order to incorporate continuous improvement in its operation. The circular nature of this oscillation shows that continuous improvement is a never ending process. (The cycle chart see appendix 4 on page 15)PLANPlanning is a vital part of the process. Managers put more time and consideration into this stage. They assess current situation and make plans based on any problem they find. They need to collect data, identify problems and document all current procedures like the impact and potential problem of the change may encounter and identify methods to measure the outcome.DOIn this stage the managers try out the change on the agreed try out and measure the impact. If the change is having a positive effect, they will implement the change, til now if things are not doing well like resistance from other staff because they quite satisfied with the status quo. In this case, this will be worthful to consider the abutting steps.STUDYDuring the study phase of the cycle, managers need to evaluate the data collected from the previous phase, to see whether they ha ve achieved the desired outcome establish in the plan phase.ACTThe last phase of the cycle is to act on the basis of the results to other members in the organisation and then implement the new procedure if it has been successful. Note that it is a cycle the next step is to plan again. After we have acted we need to continue evaluating the process planning and repeating the cycle again.To overcome the barriers and other problems in implementing change, unfluctuating communication strategy together will help avoid interpret that can hinder the best-laid plans. Planned organisational change will not be effectively implemented unless it is communicated to an organisations staff in such a way that resistance is overcome, fears are prevented, confusion is minimised, and buy-in by all affected individuals is secured. Communication about change aids in the unfreezing of old behaviours, the transition during which new behaviours are adopted, and the refreezing of the new behaviour into hab it. In fact, Ford and Ford (1995) contain that change does not occur except in that it is mediated by communication in other words, communication is the context within which change occurs.CONCLUSIONLeaders and staff are vital in move the organisations forward. Without them, the foundations of organisation would be unbalance. Leaders influence followers, but followers also have some influence. They are both lead success to the organisation.As an aspiring manager, to be able to lead innovation and change I will ensure team members are aware of the changes and they receive training before implementing change. Explain that there is learning curve and they will be given full support during the process to avoid resistance. Effective communication with staff regarding change is essential to the success of implementing change. Managers also must be firm, yet fair in their approach because staff must see confidence. Confidence in teams ability to implement change and confidence in time sca le set.REFERENCESChange management change management training from mindtools.com (2012) (online) unattached at http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_87.htmChange management principles, process, tips and change surmisal and models (2012) (online) available at http//www.businessballs.com/changemanagement.htm (Accessed 28/06/2012)Change management theory (2012) (online) addressable at http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/changemanagement.html (Accessed 29/06/20120Definition of change management (2012) (online) Available at http//www.change-management-coach.com/definition-of-change-management.html (27/06/2012)Feasibility Study Template (2012) (online) Available at http//.www.projectmangementdocs.com/template/feasibility-study-template.html (Accessed 05/07/2012)Innovation benefits (2012) (online) Available at http//www.referenceforbusinees.com/encyclopedia/Inc-Int/Innovation.html (accessed 29/06/2012)Leading innovation and change, ILM level 5 Qualification in Management Workbook ( 2008) Kent Learning ResourcesManagement and organisational behaviour 8th edition P 734 (2007) by Laurie J Mullins market place feasibility and Competitive Intelligence grocery store Research Analysis by Market Street Research (2004) (online) Available at http//www.marketstreetresearch.com/capabilities/solution-feasibility.htm Accessed 10/07/2012)Managing Stakeholders aspect (2012) (online) Available at http//www.managingmanagementguide.com/guidelines.com (Accessed 19/07/2012)Overcoming the Barriers to change in healthcare system (2012) (online) Available at http//www.isixsigma.com/implementation/change-management-implementation/overcoming-barriers-change-healthcare-system/htm Accessed 13/07/2012)The nature and importance of innovation (18/4/2012) (Online) Available at http//press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9221.pdf (Accessed 21/6/2012)What is Innovation? (2012) (online) Available at http//toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part14/69290 (Accessed 21/06/2012)Why is change important in an orga nization? (2012) (online) Available at http//smallbusiness.chron.com/change-important-organization-728.html (Accessed 02/07/2012)Why is change management important? (2012) (online) Available at http//www.maventraining.co.uk/media/26/1126-quick-guide-why-is-change-management-important.pdf (Accessed 03/07/2012)Why is innovation important? (December 2010) (Online) Available at http//www.innovationfor suppuration.co.uk/whyinnovationimportant.pdf (Accessed 22/06/12)Writing a Feasibility Study, Chapter 4, (2012) (online) Available at http//nfsmi.org/documentlibraryfiles/PDF/20080212032917.pdf. (Accessed 06/07/12)APPENDICES addition 1SWOT depth psychologySTRENGHTS SUpdated equipmentWell-trained staffResourcesGood customer careWEAKNESSES WShortage of StaffLack of motivation development Managers turnoverFinancial constraintsOPPORTUNITIES OQuality improvementHigh aging populationUse of technology to improve serviceTraining and developmentTHREATS TEconomic / financial crisis improver staff tur nover / button of key staffCompetitionChanges in policies, regulations, procedures and legislationsAPPENDIX 2PESTEL ANALYSISPOLITICALGovernment policiesStability and changeFollowing regulations and legislationsECONOMIC work out/ FinancialLabour costTax increaseInflation and growthSOCIOLOGICALCustomer attitudes and opinionsEthnic / religious factorsPopulation size / structureTECHNOLOGICALAvailability of technologyCommunication servicesAdvances in equipmentsIncrease automationENVIRONMENTALproper(a) disposal of wasteUse recycled itemsProper storage of chemicalsUse of eco-friendly resourcesGlobal climate changeLEGAL financial supportPolicies and proceduresHealth and safety quality standardAPPENDIX 3 feasibility STUDYAlexander Court aim is to provide high standard quality of care to all Service Users. They are committed to provide Service Users with a safe, comfortable and caring environment which addresses their needs and preserves their individuality, choice, rights, dignity, privacy and independence. Feasibility study is facilitating to meet this goal and improve quality service.Purpose / Description of the ideaStaff management is the most important job that managers do in the organisation. Manager need to understand and perform the staff practices that keep them motivated, inspired, develop and attain goals with their guidance. Manager should control conditions the key environmental factors necessary to motivate staff. The most important factor manager control is his or her relationship with each staff. The second most significant factor is manager should create a work environment and organisational culture that encourage staff motivation and engagement. Inspire and reward staff by training, appraisals, furtherance and career progression to encourage staff to meet and exceed performance. convey staff in decision making and try to create an plainspoken and mutual working environment. The organisation culture foundation is on trust, teamwork, and communicat ion and shared goals.Advantages and Disadvantages of the propose system/services/ideaFor a business to be successful, it has to not only offer products and /or services that meet customers needs and wants, but also have staff that is loyal and committed.The advantages of leading and motivating staff helps the organisation bring about higher staff retention, higher levels of productivity, more innovation and creativity, higher profits and better write up both among potential employees and customers. However, increase dependency of staff on to the manager lead to more supervision required and dissatisfaction in staff if baneful decisions are made are the disadvantageStaffingStaff is required to attend training sessions organised during working hours to enhance quality of work and training skills. To ensure the safety and well-being of the Service Users and to comply with statutory obligations, staff must attend any relevant statutory training sessions. reverse to comply may lead to disciplinary action, including dismissal. To meet the legal requirement care staff must be trained to at least(prenominal) NVQ 2 or 3. Staff supervision and appraisal must be done regularly to assist, guide and motivate staff as part of home performance improvement plan.Competitive AdvantageInvesting in advanced development and training for employees benefits employers in many ways such as having competent staff and have impact on staff retention and satisfaction. Well-educated and highly trained staff/employees can be an incredible asset and are likely to bring new ideas and increased creativity into the workplace, which can be a positive impact on different aspect of any business.Business ModelEmployee continuing education can have direct, beneficial impact on the bottom line of any organisation in several ways. For example, staff who have a high degree of job satisfaction and loyal toward their employers are likely to have a high degree of productivity, which contribute to imp roved financial performance for the organisation and reduce turnover costs.Marketing StrategyMarket strategy apart from promoting thru networking site, referral sources is important, word of mouth is powerful so make sure environment is attractive and then hold an extravagant fan out house for the resources. Train staff on proper communication to the referral sources like doctors, family and friends of the client, hospitals, etc. When doctors come in and visit your home, roll out the red carpet. That way they will send more clients