Graduation Speech: We Are Heros :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Id like to start by thanking everyone who has come tonight, because without you we would never harbor made it this far. Its been a long weighty journey. Each one of us has gone through our own trials and tribulations. But the one thing that all of us piss in common is that passim the years we all had friends to share in the good clippings and the bad. Without friends this journey would have been impossible. Our friends gave us someone to talk to when times were bad, only when most significantly they provided us laughs and many adventures. Now that our high school career has come to an end we will go our separate ways. This however does not mean that we have to lose contact with those whom we have spent so much time with. To lose contact would mean to lose part of our past. That is why I am asking each one of those graduating tonight to stay in tactual sensation with those who have gotten us this far. There should be no reason to lose touch in todays world of technology. By sta ying in touch the good times will be remembered and hopefully new adventures will be explored. The real pass on though, that I would like to leave to the class of 2006, is to undertake whatever your future holds to the best of your ability. Im standing up here tonight, not because I am the smartest person, but because I took everything that school had to offer in stride. Even on nights when I wouldnt get home till midnight from sporting events, I still found time to finish my homework. I guess what I am trying to say is, as we move on into the next stage of our lives we will be approach with even more distractions than we could ever have imagined. Up until now life has been pretty easy. But, now that we are moving into another stage of our lives we will be burdened with new responsibilities and commitments. If there is any hope for anyone of us to succeed at what we have chosen to undertake, we are going to have to stay focussed and use everything that we have learned thus far. If we dont, the harsh reality of the real world will catch us with our back turned. We will never have the slightest clue what hit us.

Organization Essay -- essays papers

Organization First impressions ar crucial. If a classroom is organized and appropriately arranged, then it is apparent that the teacher possesses full(a) management skills. A variety of things must be considered when arranging the classroom. It must contain interesting materials appropriate to a childs stage of smart development and not appear thrown together (Streng, 1978). All fire exits, doorways, and main walkways must be kept open and free of clutter age built in cupboards, drawers, closets, etc must be easily accessible as well. The desk arrangement, perhaps the most important element, requires several considerations. Placing the students desks in groups promotes peer tutoring and collaborative activities. However, they may tend to be more talkative and less focused. Individual seating is effective in keeping students focused and on task, but group fly the coop is often difficult and requiring time to move desks. Also, when students are separated from each other they are more dependent on the teacher for understanding since their peers are not as easily accessible. Often pairing students is a good method that promotes peer tutoring and some teamwork but has a better chance of students rest focused and successful (Glover, 1994). Learning and teaching styles need to be considered, as well as how the classroom should be run, before arranging desks.The teachers desk should be strategically placed so all students can be seen and any important areas such as a black board are not blocked. Organized teachers will their desk neat and free of clutter. If the desk is cluttered time is being wasted trying to find important papers and information. Be discriminating about what goes on the desk so that there isnt u... .... Providing structure, preventing problems. Retrieved September 24, 2001 from http//warthog.cc.wm.edu/TTAC/articles/challenging/problems.htm.This is an article from the College of William and Mary Website that provides ideas and examples of how to maintain order and structure in your classroom. Steele, K. Tips for organizing your desk. Retrieved November 8, 2001 from http//www.angelfire.com/ks/teachme/4yourdesk.htmlBe%20Selective.A website that has four helpful tips to keeping your desk organized and clean. Thompson, M.W. (1994, December 10). Controlling the Classrooms Chaos Rookie Instructors Often Find Discipline Is Their Toughest Lesson. The Washington Post, p. A1.An article from a serial publication by The Washington Post about first year teachers and how they handle certain situations. This one focuses on discipline and how to handle bad kids.

What has the Internet done to Radio Listenership? :: Essays Papers

What has the internet done to Radio Listenership?Annie McBride (name changed to protect the internationally famous) is a minor(postnominal) at Syracuse University who hails from the land of Guinness across the Atlantic. She has regularly kept in contact with her native land by listening to and calling the premier assimilator run radio situation in the Ireland, LSRfm at the Leeds University. She was an American correspondent who informed the listeners of LSM about the latest fads, movies, and television shows in the United States. The radio station is broadcast over the internet, and will be returning to the FM dial in Ireland in 2006. (lsmfm.com)LSMfm is part of a trend that has been growing since the late nineties internet radio broadcasting. Many radio stations, like LSM in Leeds, Ireland and z89 in Syracuse, New York, have live audio streams of their broadcasts in real time. This allows anyone on the planet to listen to their favorite local station, no matter how far away fr om home they may be. The internet also allows for access to an extraordinary range of music. alone of this is contributing to radio losing its foothold in society to the internet.One of the main reasons that the internet has become such a popular source for music is its diversity. Kim Vasey (2005) says Internet radio (has) brought alternative music choices that mostly cannot be found on the dial, (Newswire Association, 2005). These days, cislunar radio stations have to take into account a large diversity in their listeners musical tastes. In order to satisfy everyones palette, the best a station can hope to do is program its limit so it hits the middle which, inevitably leads to little risk taking and bland programming. (Deitz, http//radio.about.com/) This bland programming is of course what the turnoff for most radio listeners is in the prime(prenominal) place, driving them to other annals of consumption, mostly the internet. A study done by a consumer search company called NPD reveals online radio listening is on the rise. The research from NPD centers around people listening to music on their computers. It points to 77.2% of users having moved in this direction, and 55.3 million now listening to radio online.(Music Online http//www.audiographics.com/) The internet is the one of the leading alternatives to terrestrial radio because it is so ready to use. The software is extremely accessible, and it is rare, in this day and age, that a computer is not hooked up to the internet.

Thurgood Marshalls Fight for Equality Essay -- essays research papers

It was Thurgood marshal who helped end legal segregation in the United States. He won Supreme Court victories creating out-migration for children, which proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall was able to prove to the Supreme Court that separate but equal was not equal by using his legal expertise. Marshall was able to have a more direct influence on society and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall also had the help of lawyer Kenneth Clark to solve the case of segregation. Kenneth Clark conducted an experiment with the color children at the naturalise. To conduct the experiment, Clark had several baby dolls, some were white, and some were colored. Clark asked the children of the colored school a number of questions such as, ?Which one of the dolls is your favorite or, ?Which one of the dolls is ugly Of all the subjects questioned, 65% of the black children said that the white doll was the nice doll. The legal age of the colored children rejected the black doll. This was obviously due to self-esteem issues. A little colored boy was forced to walk several miles home, the school had no money in their budget to pay for a bus for the black school. But, the white school had over 40 b determinations, which clearly proves that they were being discriminated against. Marshall started a petition and fought for equal rights. The principal of the school for the colored children had his job taken away from him and his house was burned down all because of segregation. The KKK started to threaten colored people. The KKK were doing everything in their power to make the black people feel inferior and to punish them for going against the whites. This event helped the case go to Supreme Court. It was pr... ...rked a turning backsheesh in the history. The Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education and Kenneth Clark. Marshall forced rights to be extended equally from colored school children to full-grown colored indiv iduals. In conclusion the roles of the NAACP and individuals such as Thurgood Marshall, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Mr. Kelly made history and proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall?s use of the courts led to rulings that judged the discrimination of colored children given equal rights to use a school bus. Clark?s experiment was powerful. It showed that segregation psychologically harmed the colored children. The NAACP worked very diligently on the case. But it was Marshall that was able to have poignant control on the public and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall was truly an American revolutionary.

evolution Essay -- essays research papers

The majority of people in this world believe that a uncanny being created earth. In fact, "most religions and cultures believe the universe was created by a creative hand, either a sky god or some other somatogenetic object" (Encarta 1). Think of it, as a trial to see which will win, creation or evolution. It has been the most argued debate in either of history, but creationism is to a greater extent logical than evolution.To first understand what creation is about, we have to know what creation is. The Bible defines creation as the action by God that brought the universe and all its contents into being. The Bible also states, "God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, and so God created man in his own impression, in the image of God created he him male and female created he them" (Genesis 121, 27). To Doug LaPointe, the author of Top Evidences against the Theory of Evolution, there are nine articles of evidence pointing weaknesses in evolut ion, or strong points in creation. The first evidence is that there are no links between the fossil record and present times therefore, there is zip to show that evolution actually happened. Second, that natural selection cannot advance an organism to a higher order. The third being that although evolutionists believe life just came about, depicted object resulted from nothing, and humans evolved from animals, all of these are against scientific and natural understandings. Fourth, even though evolutionists present them a...

evolution Essay -- essays research papers

The majority of people in this world believe that a spiritual being created earth. In fact, "most religions and cultures believe the creative activity was created by a creative hand, either a sky god or some other physical object" (Encarta 1). Think of it, as a trial run to see which will win, creation or evolution. It has been the most argued debate in all of history, but creationism is more logical than evolution.To first understand what creation is about, we adopt to know what creation is. The Bible defines creation as the action by God that brought the universe and all its contents into being. The Bible also states, "God created corking whales and every living creature that moveth, and so God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him male and female created he them" (Genesis 121, 27). To Doug LaPointe, the author of Top Evidences against the Theory of Evolution, in that location are nine articles of evidence pointing weaknesses in evol ution, or strong points in creation. The first evidence is that there are no links between the fossil record and present times therefore, there is nothing to show that evolution actually happened. Second, that congenital picking cannot advance an organism to a higher order. The third being that although evolutionists believe life just came about, matter resulted from nothing, and humans evolved from animals, all of these are against scientific and natural understandings. Fourth, even though evolutionists present them a...

Translation in Movies Names

Introduction As we all in all know, fritter is an audio-visual art. This glamorous act is a magnificent gem in valet de chambre hi trading floor, which creates romantic stories and leads human into a marvelous land we draw never come before. Looking back to the instruction hi recital of film, we fuck non deny that film jobs the society reality and the time spirit. As the ethnic counter multifariousness amidst China and overseas become booming, film pitiful-changes an grievous role as nuance envoy. Film was entrusted with the mission to allow more mickle from assorted cultural backgrounds to enjoy the entertainment and shargon advanced applied science together.This is an unavoidable trend in the world now. The film is an art, unlike other type of work, producing an effect on the human senses through a variety of randomness media. So the comment of film sur arouses is besides disparate from other kinds of variant. From its type, backing exposition belongs t o special translation studies. slope interpreting of Movie prenomens, Even though only a small number of domestic help scholars did this research, title translation is beginning to attract peoples attention.As we know, China has been more open for its icon market and its domestic exposure industry is booming, an increasing number of overseas films come into Chinese big screens. Meanwhile, a dandy number of local motion pictures affirm found their way to the international market. Films be not only a way of spreading exotic burnish to the local audience, but also a signifi terminatet approach to disseminate national culture for overseas people. Thus, translation in motion pictures shout outs is of great importance when twain introducing foreign movies and selling domestic ones. Suitable translation can attract the public to enter into cinemas.Local films can also benefit a gage from good translation as tumefy when being publicized overseas. In recent years, it is i ndeed an amazing feat to study translation by analyzing the structure of communication, curiously suitable for the translation of movie titles because the film itself is a mass media. Communication is the activity of renting development. In the process of title translation, information leading is more complicated as translation is a cross-cultural information dissemination. As a necessary part of culture, the movie evoke is inevitably reflected the characteristics of their respective cultures.Although Chinese and Western cultures argon several(predicate), we can still find m each similarities between the deuce. Undoubtedly, movie title translation contributes a lot to cultural exchanges. If the title translation c erstrn more about(predicate) film quote itself and cultural implication, it will receive an unexpected effect. II. The Importance of Movies Names Translation is the communication of the subject matter of a source- lyric text by representation of an equivalent tar get-language text. It is a process of earth which is found on certain culture implication and scientific knowledge. Therefore, the translation is re-creation.Most movie titles have only a few records, however, it is the crowning touch to the film. This important role put forward higher requirements for the translation of film titles. Film is an audio-visual art. Instead of being displayed in the shelves as books and newspapers, it sourcely appeals to the audience by its name. Thus, movies names are the key to affect the box-office receipts. In other spoken language, to a movie, its name is being its slogan and advertisement. Therefore, each word and phrase in the movies names should be care exuberanty weighed against the trustworthy language to ensure the fullest accuracy and clarity.According to any(prenominal) reports, some producers in developed countries spare no effort to give perfect names to their movies. A movie may have several provisional names which could be revis ed more than once before it comes out in theaters. What is more, a movie may get no certain name blush its whole photography process has been finished. For some Chinese well-known movie companies, they have established panels which are composed of many professional interpretive programs to make their movies names sound more international and let the foreign people know divulge about the movie before entering into the cinema. III.Methods of Translation As title translation is of great significance, translators should try their go around to make the movie names sound more popular and colloquial to increase persuasion and appeal. To deal with the cultural differences in intercultural translation, various skills can be adopted, including literal translation, free translation, adding translation, and explanation translation. The movie title is the unity of language and national culture, so the title translation should adopt a flexible manner, and pass on to impress the audience to achieve the same function with the certain title. 1.Literal Translation 1. 1. Characteristics Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to other word-for-word rather than conveying the sense of the captain. Literal translation seeks to carry over e precise possible nuance of content in the original haggle of movies names into our own language and as far as possible to capture the precise wording of the original text and style. As such, its stress is on word-for-word correspondence, at the same time taking into account differences of grammar, syntax, and idiom between current literary English and Chinese.Thus it seeks to be transparent to the original text, let the public see as directly as possible the structure and meaning of the original. Based on the language universals, literal translation can convey the origin subject using the similar forms. 1. 2. Examples several(prenominal) movies named by prima(p) characters can emplo y literal translation to retain the intention and context. Britain film Jane Eype ( ), American film Spartacus ( ), Sister Carrie ( ) and Dr. Edward ( ) are good examples of using this method. These names sound natural and are easy to remember.There are also some films named by the family name of the characters adopting literal translation. Taking the Rain Man( ) as an example, rain man is other saying of people with autism. Its Chinese name, an essentially literal translation, illustrated the subject of the film that the leading character Rain is having some emotional frustration. What is more, the Miner s Daughter, biographical film based on the life story of the famous American res publica music singer, Houluolita Lynn , was literally translated as An American in. of Paris, the 24th Academy Awards Good movie, was translated as The Godfather, 45th Oscar Best Picture, was also translated as. These good translation versions are uniform with the appearance, while maintaining th e essence of the original name both in the form and in the meaning. 2. Paraphrase 2. 1. Characteristics The word quote is defined as under the limitations of the fond and cultural differences in the target language, the translator had to abandon the literal meaning of the original form to match and the main language features. A paraphrase or free translation is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other haggle.In contrast to the essentially literal translation, paraphrase have followed a thought-for-thought rather than word-for-word translation philosophy, emphasizing dynamic equivalence rather than the essentially literal meaning of the original. A thought-for-thought translation is of necessity more inclined to reflect the interpretive opinions of the translator and the influences of contemporary culture. Paraphrase is another way that often used when translating because there is linguistic disparity between different countries.When the ideological content of the original forms and expression of the translation are contradictory, translators would paraphrase them instead of using literal translation in companionship to maintain the names same meaning and linguistic function. The way to decide which content suits direct translation, or which content is suitable for free translation, depends on the comparative study of culture and linguistics between ancient and today. 2. 2. Examples The film adaptation of Robert James Waller novel, The keep goings of Madison County, was literally translated as.This translation is unable to arouse the audiences imagination, but the effect of another version as will be not the same. It not only strengthens the theme, but also appeals to the imagination of the audience, thus creating an artistic realm for them. In various types of construction, the bridge seems to be the best to lead to a romantic association, since ancient times, there have been a lot of touching love stories occurred at the bridge. s ymbolizes the lingering thoughts from year to year ? represents the pity and regret ? tells us the love of the grinder and heroine can only be a dream. Every word in the title can lead to endless thinking and a great deal of imagination. Whatever, paraphrasing should base on the content of the movie. Expressive form is the main difference between free translation and literal translation. The former needs to explain the meaning, on the other hand, the later translate the names directly. For instance, the move Gone with the Wind which is fit from a well-known novel of the same title is translated as when it was released in China.This vision is not only pleasing to the eye but also run with the content of the movie. But if it is named as , though having no language mis nurses, is inferior. Another examples using this method are shown, such as Ghost ( ), The Wizard of OZ , croak Gun( ). Apart from the movies mentioned higher up, there are also similar examples which should trans late concord to their accent but employ paraphrase such as Rebecca( )and Cleopatra( ). 3. Transliteration 3. 1. Characteristics Transliteration is translating the title into another language based on pronunciation.English movies, which are named after movie film heros name or place name, are commonly used transliteration without causing a distortion of the target language culture. The hit movie Harry Potter used the transliteration because people are already familiar with the hero Harry as the great scale to the original best-selling and movie pre-publicity. But many examples show that there are very few examples of pure transliteration since the title of the persons name or place names are just aboutly familiar to the domestic audience, even incomprehensible.In the translation of Chinese names, and other proper nouns, many contradictions of transliteration will revoke due to the difference between native language and foreign language phonetic systems. Using transliteration is bo und to affect the attendance of the film. At this time, the transliteration adding to paraphrase should be given to consideration in order to obtain satisfhistriony results. Such as Patton( )Forrest, Gump( )King Kong( )and so on. 3. 2. Examples Movie Ben-Hur which is based on the biblical story was translated as .Ben-Hu is a film heros name Hollywood actor Sylvester Stallone wrote and performed the film Rocky won the 1976 annual Oscar Award for Best Picture. Rocky is name of the hero , transliterated as taken in 1973, the American film Papillon translated as is a classic escape theme movie. The Papillon is French, meaning butterfly . In the film it refers to the actor because he has a chest stab butterfly tattoo 16th Oscar best Picture Award, known as the the greatest love the movie of derriere history Casablanca, translated as ,also uses the transliteration. It is well known that Casablanca is Moroccos largest city.Title using the example of the transliteration is simple and r etains some foreign flavor. However, it should be noticed that some movie titles of the persons name or place names are mostly familiar to the domestic audience such as Thelma and Louise. Thelma and Louise are the two heroines of the film. They encountered a series of familiar violence and sexual harassment during a simple trip. After the murder, they escaped. The film intends to convey a rigid desire of the women to be the master of fate. And womens equality and shelter of personal social are the movies themes. The film has been paraphrased as .This translation is very consistent with the films theme and content. And its Chinese title is neither subject to the restrictions of English language. 4. Adding Transliteration 4. 1. Characteristics Some English words do not have their Chinese counterparts because of differences between two languages. In this case, translators often add some words to make the movie title sound comprehensive among the domestic audience. Adding translation is a case of adding some words based on the content of the movie in order to meet the mental acceptance and cultural expectance of the audience. . 2. Examples For example, American movie Patton was translated as . It is a story telling about things happened during the beingness War?. People who are interested in the history of war or military stories would be attracted by its Chinese name before they entering into the cinema. But if the name was translated without any alteration, Chinese people would never guess the content and some groups of audience may be lost. Another example is The Piano which was translated as , if it was translated directly as , most people would think it was just an educational movie.However, translators added the word ? to its original name to let the viewers get a brief idea of the movie that it is a story about things happened in a piano lesson. There are another cases also used this method such as 7( ), difficult Impact( ), Sister spiel( )and so on. IV. Principles of Translation Although the translation of film titles has its own specialty, it has something in common with other genres of translation. The translation process should reflect the following four principles 1. informatory take to be principleTitle translation should convey the information related to the contents of the original film, achieving the unity of title form and film content, which is also called the equivalent of the cling to of information. The emphasis of translation of is equilibrium. The process of English movie title translation should firstly be faithful to the movie information. That means the translation of film titles should convey the information in line with the original information of the movie to achieve the unity of the translation of the title and original movie content.The word faithful refers to the translation mustiness be sinless and truthful and the meaning can neither be free to distort, nor any increase or decrease. 2. Cultura l measure out principle Translation is not s mention the language conversion process, but also the social phenomena of cultural exchanges. Cultural determine, reflected in the title translation to promote cultural exchange and understanding, is the important task of the translation of film titles. The movie title reflects the cultural value of film, which requires the translator to be not only a mere translator but also a cultural carrier.So translators should have a deeper study of two kinds of language and culture. In the process of title translation, different languages have different conventions and codes. Then the translator is bound to follow certain cultural adaptation and take full account of cultural implication in order to better communicate cultural information through language. In the West, the social development history, geography and climate, history, political and economic values, customs, ethics are very different from Chinese.Cultural values firstly reflected in f ully understanding cultural information and accurately transmitting the original title culture. Lets take a look at a famous 1995 psychological thriller heptad. The film a strong visual impact and the dark background described a highly philosophical meaning of the crime story a crazy murderer to consider themselves to God, around the Catholic vii capital offenses disciplinary one by one kill. Seven capital offense refers to the seven men often commit the fault, namely the gluttonous greed, , ,sloth , lust , pride , envy and rage wrath. Seven, this mysterious figure in the religious (which is in the old fullest God created Adam using seven days, remove the Adams seventh ribs made the original body of Eve, Satan is the dragon of seven heads) in the film can be described as ubiquitous, seven crime seven penalty seven rain, the story takes place in seven days, or even ending by the offender set at 7 pm on the seventh day of the ubiquitous 7 imply that the fate of the Crime and Punis hment.However, it is conceivable that if the Chinese translation for a simple, Chinese audiences will not produce the same cultural association and identity, so the movie screened, translated as Seven , pointing to the story line and the seven most major and religious meaning. It can be described as cultural values incorporated in the classic example. Chinese translation of the film American Beauty, trouble is also the root cause of this. Popular translation American Beauty, and preliminary tacky precise American Beauty is not accurate, it can be said too literally.American beauty is the red rosiness of the U. S. production of flowering seasons. The roses are beautiful, holy, said the noble and sacred love, especially red roses, but also love gift to share. According to the myths and legends, a god of love to personally option Rose took to give his lover, too eager mood, the action is some confusion, accidentally finger was punctured by the squid, the blood sprinkled on the pet als of roses, originally The gaberdine petals colour red.Cupid holding a rose-red with their blood spent to give lovers and lovers to see, very excited, gratitude for a hundredfold return Cupids loyalty. After the red roses of pure love and firm, especially lovers favorite. Movie to spend Yu flower expressions, flowers and beauty, closer together. Taiwans well-known herein florid translation of the change translated as heart? Rose Love to China rose instead of the United States rose to reveal the spiritual connotation of the film, it touches do not have mood.But the film also has a more direct and accurate cultural translation American Beauty. There is also a translation is called Beautiful guilty may be issued by the translator match to the story of lament In addition, due to language and cultural differences, a form similar to the Chinese and British vocabulary, may refer to completely different content, such dubious often leads to disastrous mistranslation.For example First Wi ves Club, has been translated as The First Wives Club, not knowing the first wives in English refers to the first wife of the men, and the Chinese culture, the size of the wife and concubines concubine Yigai irrelevant. This fun-filled comedy, in fact, about a group of Zaokangzhiqi how to revenge yourself Xiatang Chen Shimei her husband and marries another new love. today translated as the first wife club, the first wife club is more accurate.Another example one hundred one of the classics of the Third Man is initially translated as third party, the Chinese audience mistakenly thought it was a marriage ethics film. In fact, the Third Man, referring to the film, the third car accident witnesses, the film changed translated as personal story translates as living hell for the spirits of, I had stumbled on a DVD Title will be translated as the third man Stick up down. Similarly, due to differences in cultural identity, vocabulary attached to the associative meaning it will miss is as g ood, Miao away.Animal words, for example, most of the symbol, meaning one after another. To Yibi vivid necessary to correctly understand their meaning. This is not difficult to understand why the movie Dragon Heart, no, literally translated as Dragon Heart. Taking into account the dragon negative associative meaning in English (reminiscent of the cruel, devil), as well as Chinese culture the dragon respected (the Chinese nation, the emperor, a symbol of success), the film, plus a magic word translation The Tarrasque legendary.In addition, the title in the idioms, allusions to load a lot of cultural information, often not from the literal meaning of understanding, engaged in sloppy, Shuaier surgeon is bound to be mistakes, a laughing stock. For example, Rambo First Blood has been translated as First Blood. Little do they know the first the blood is the English idiom, meaning first battle. Taiwan will be mavin Flew, over the the Cuckoos Nest, translated as the cuckoos nest, in fact, the Cuckoos Nest in English is a mental hospital means The film was adapted from Ken?Alexis (Ken Kesey, 1935-2001) according to himself experienced in the novel of the same name published in 1962, describes the brutal destruction of a mental hospital patients humanity and basic human rights, strongly criticized the yoke of the social system, video the last Indians to shake and lift extremely heavy stone and splashing the lens, as well as his chivalric out of the guard of the prison behind bars, it is film body Now the true meaning seemingly can not shake the cornerstone of the system, as long as the consciousness of resistance cohesion to a certain moment and broke out the exciting force, will eventually break all fetters, to achieve the newborn. Mainland translation Flew Over the Cuckoo and therefore more accurate vividly embodies the true meaning of the original title and the film itself. Film reading of the cultural values, we should have the following consensus. On the one han d, you should see the title translation is subject to the target language culture. The target culture is bound to pick out the source culture, norms, and strengthen, exclusion and belittling, and attach their own cultural color.Chinese translation of the English movie Love with My Father, Wedding shadow for the Family Fun wedding night, plain mixed up with the Chinese cultural flavor. On the other hand, should recognize that translation is a dynamic process of cultural exchange, and therefore asked to judge the diachronic perspective to measure. In one region or one times fluent and readable translations in some areas, the era is not necessarily a good translated. Such as space bottling (Space Jim) disappeared Pretty Woman (the Runaway Bride) in Hong Kong popular translation in Hong Kong, but inland the audience is very difficult to understand. The meaning of bottling in flocktonese is playing basketball, runaway means escape.Speaking from a diachronic point of view, Chinas curr ent loose, cheerful social environment, the cultural mentality of the two-way communication, with the further attention of the people to the outside world and social and cultural conditions of the mature, but also will undoubtedly promote the fine translations of more closer to the style of the original film presented in front of an audience. Such as Casablanca (the Casablanca) has long been replaced by Casablanca, a domestic popular translation. The Truman see (Trueman the Show translation the drama of life, Trudeau door programs, etc. ) for a class in Britain a mixture of the title also has been increasingly accepted as part of the Chinese audience. 3. Aesthetic Value PrincipleThe title of the translation of stress to get rid of the original word bound, depth grasp of the ideological and artistic content of the work and the ingenuity of the artists treatment of the original film, the new artistic creation. The native language of the art form to convey the image of the original , emotional, and language arts, the aesthetic experience of conduction in the audience. First of all we must be the exact words and the aesthetic value. The choice of words should strive to sound both the United States, Italy, expressive and vivid. As Somerset Maugham said, the word of its power, its sound, and its shape only consider the sentence, in order to write eye-catching ear. The exact words and emphasis on vivid. Language used to create a mood, atmosphere, concentrated source language audiences feelings and conduction in the target language audience.Compare the following triad groups of titles in English translation, is not difficult to find the second translation can give full play to the Chinese advantage and choice of words precise and appropriate artistic conception, cutting theme of the Central Plains piece, and thus even better Ex1 You Can not Take It With You translated a you can not take away translated Take It Ex2 has been engineered A, Man, from the Snowy River t ranslation from the Snowy River translation Snowy River man As ex3 Ordinary People translation of ordinary people translation mortal The exact words and emphasis on sound America. Translator through rhythm, pitch, rhythm, so that the title to read catchy, beautiful sounds, only to convey the emotional meaning, but also enhance the aesthetic effect. Chinese is a tone language, pitch the level of severity, length, speed, and constitute a self-assured, high and loud music, accurately express the rich and delicate feelings.Such as the Outland translated as outer space (cadence, rhyme), Courage, translated as Under Fire, Life and Death of pride (circumflex), translated as Singing in the Rain (rhyme) Singing in the Rain , fully embodies the Chinese phonological . English as a tone language, its different tone, stress, light tone, accented scheme constitute continuous fill the gap, the melody. Such as the green lawn (1987), translated as the Green Green the Grass of Home, great cycle tran slated as the Wheel of Life, successfully embodies the beauty of the melody of English. Alliteration and rhyming English title in order to achieve the sound of Americas method. Not uncommon in the title creation and translation.English Title Picture Perfect (now translated purely fictitious) Rock and the Rule (now translated Jesus Christ, Magic Star), Limelight (now Translation career on the stage) English Translation Title City Under Siege (formerly known as Chinese siege ) Fight in South and North (Chinese original name Civil war) and so on. The exact words and emphasis on precise and appropriate and concise. Only a clear and concise title in order to attract viewers. Can be described as the culmination of many of our translators translated in this regard. Such as A Puzzlement of Love translated as love confusion and the distant Tale translated as strange tale Intolerance translated as partisan, is lovely. The four-character phrase is often concise, sonorous sounds, expressive, h eavily used in Title Translation, story for the Translation of title more than 60 percent.Such as Dances with Wolves (Dances with Wolves), Home Alone (Home Alone), Forrest Gump (Forest, Gump,) Entrapment (Entrapment), The Fugitive (the Fugitive), retaining flower portrait (the Bodyguard), The Interpreter (The Interpreter). Another aspect of the aesthetic value is the use of rhetorical devices. Translator copy or a creative way to use rhetoric to cause aesthetic pleasure to the audience. Such as simile Gaslight translated as Lang heart, such as iron, repeated France A Few Good Man, translated as good people only a handful of antisense method True Lies translated as True Lies , the control of the Great The Great Gatsby, Old wives for New, Love Me Tenderly translated as Great Gatsby old pet new love, Hud Rouchang are worthy of our study. 4. Commercial Value PrincipleThe film is both a cultural and commercial art, in the title translation, of course, need to take into account commerci al considerations. This requires the translator to take full advantage of the cultural characteristics of the target language and aesthetic interests, to create out of the language the audience loved the movie title, causing psychological identity, stimulate aesthetic pleasure and viewing desires. For example, according to Canadian writer Michael? Weng Dajie (Michael Ondaatje) best-selling novel of the same name adapted from the English the Patient, is the Second World War for the background of male and female for a period beyond the moral boundaries, romantic and poignant love story about.The novel won the British Booker Prize for Literature, an international reputation, to retain the original novel title attractive to Europe and the United States audience. Hong Kong local audience know very little about the novel, if literally translated as The English Patient, but uninteresting, translator therefore another translated as Do not ask who I am, lyrical strong and fastened the entire film pursuing the life experience of the plot of The English Patient, by the local audience favorite. Taiwan translation of The English Patient, VCD, translated troubled love days are fastened film Sad love theme, a strong poetic, after masterpiece.Another embodiment of the commercial value is the title emphasize novel and eye-catching, good at creating suspense, rendering the atmosphere. For example, It Happens One Night Translated as It Happened One Night, translated as Sister Act, Sister Act the Net network Cry, it is very novel and fascinating. Mainland translation of the thriller The Rock The Rock, Hong Kong translation of The Rock, Taiwan translated as Jedi task all tastes, and naturally apt, full of suspense, reflects the combination of artistic and commercial. To achieve the above two purposes, the commercial value reflected in the translation process requires bold and innovative, carried away, or even to change the title in the form to save the contents of the original tit le.In specific operations, the translator often use to increase the word, minus the word, changing classes, and expansion to be translated, and thus play depth to convey the contents of the original film, and enhance the title role of infectious. Please observe the following translation of the cases Blood and Sand, translated as Treasure of the Sierra sand, plus lexical Piano plus the word translated as The Piano the freedom Day by the word translated as Independence Day flames, the the Three Musketeers to increase word translated as the pride of The Three Musketeers She is So Lovely reduction translated as pleasant child. In the heat of the Night less inflammation Night .The paraphrase After Vivid, natural and appropriate. Sometimes the literal translation, free translation is difficult to appropriately reflect the contents of the original film, to inspire the audience aesthetic pleasure some post-translational obscure, nondescript others are bland, no charm. Required to set aside the original title of the form and content, based on the original film content, reinvent the wheel, the source language of the eyes of the target language audience bland title, vividly reproduce the form of language that people loved. Title translator in China in this regard there are many superior for beautiful choice of words, right, and vividly depicts the original film content.Such as Of Mice and work force the movie, adapted from the realist writer John? Steinbeck (John Steinbeck had 1902-2002) of the same name novel Of Mice and Men all resistance analogy farmers efforts are in vain, are able to escape to John? The fate of the mole to describe the poetry of Donne ((John Donne) hard making good house final inevitably done for(p) by the rake of film titles did not copy the title literally translated, but the change to be translated as living things implicit in Of Mice and Men moral of the story to inspire the rich Chinese cultural associations (such as Buddhism in the face in the crowd the pain), but also reflects the commercial value, can be described as a rare good translation.In addition, the Volcano is translated as to fire Siege, Ghost translated as Ghost Patch Adams, translated as prize the truth If Looks Could Kill translated as Rear Window shade the Shark Tale Shark Tale once Upon a Time translated as Once Upon a Time in China, Guangdong and Hong Kong criminals is translated as Long, the Arm of the Law, Once a Thief translated Once a in Thief are on the product. The above example, you can see, the title translation is not a simple machine to copy the content and form of the original title, but should retain the original value of information, cultural values, aesthetic values, and appropriate emphasis on its commercial value, to achieve functional peer.Specifically, that the movie title should not only be faithful to the original film, but also conforms to the language and cultural characteristics, aesthetic taste achieve beautifully written, c oncise and full of strong attraction and appeal attractive, increase book sales. With the increasingly active in international cultural exchange activities, more and more English movies into the Chinese market. Prerequisite to a wonderful apt title of the Chinese to English movies dubbed, became attractive vision of the audience, made box office profits. This article discusses the in-depth analysis of a large number of translated cases on the basis of English movie title translation strategies used five methods, namely, transliteration, translation, free translation, compilation and expansion of translation. ?.Characteristics of Translation In fact, many translation of English Movie Titles reflect the Chinese cultural meaning. Bear the brunt under Waterloo Bridge. Waterloo Bridge in English formerly known as the Bridge, Waterloo Literal translation . Translated as intended to take the traditional Chinese Huangmei Opera Excerpts . is about a poignant love story, coincides wit h the misfortune of the hero and heroine of Waterloo Bridge. Therefore, videos translated as Waterloo Bridge is not only reflected the main content of the film, but contains the Chinese culture. Another talent of Translation was undoubtedly a Pear Tree gouge Begonia.The film in English formerly known as Lolita is adapted from the famous Russian-born American writer Vladimir Nabokovs novel Lolita. Lolita is the name of heroine, the novel name is translated as Lolita. About a middle-aged man by the love and possession of the only 12-year-old following the woman story, is a May-September marriages, the translator will take Su poem of a movie name. A pear guide pressure Begonia in allusion to the Song Dynasty Su ridicule friend poet Zhang Xian ridicule. Zhang is said that in the age of 80 married a 18-year-old concubine, Su then quipped Lang, 18 bride eighty. Gray white hair red makeup. Yuanyang where dual night. Pressure Begonia a Pear Tree. Pear means the white hair of the old lady , Begonia is as bright dripping Shaoqi.After pressure Begonia a Pear Tree has become a May-September marriages, that is old robber euphemism. Although this translation inevitably brings to mind the ridicule of thousands of years ago who gifted poet, a little bad heart and come up with the Chinese translation of the sort of genius in poor taste, but we have to admire the talent of the translator. The same time, the number of Chinese translation so with Chinese characteristics and story apt. sweeten trap is another full Chinese translation of the Chinese culture. Honey trap is well known as one of the Thirty-Six. The film Notorious, translated from the movie Notorious. Notorious is a very common English word, meaning the infamous, disreputable.The film is about the daughter of the former German spy John, warm, charming Leah fathers relationship into the Nazi internal use of the marital relationship successfully detach the enemy intelligence to the story of the effectiveness of the motherland. This is a suspense, there is beauty, spy love, love film, translated as honey trap, and its cultural connotations self-evident. My Fair Lady story based on the works of the famous British playwright George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion, a transliteration of Pygmalion. Pygmalion Code since ancient times, Cyprus. Prince Pygmalion very fond of the sculpture, the day he succeeded in shaping the image of a beauty. Put it down, soulful eyes every day to watch more than. As I watched, the beauty competition live. George Bernard Shaw in the play in shaping another Pygmalion Higgins, a professor of linguistics.Higgins will be a full country accent flower girl Yi Lisha in the short term training to become a speaking aristocratic accent come and go in the high society of the rich princess, and then send away in love with her unable to extricate themselves. The movie translated as My Fair Lady positive and My Fair Lady, Marty This is eternal good training. However, because the English movie name names or place names, and like the exhaustion of few words, in the process of translation is often a literal translation or transliteration of a simple literal translation or transliteration. Sometimes the lack of beauty. Some even lied. There may even be some joke. Such as movies Lawrence, of Aribia. Chinese translated as Lawrence of Arabia unsatisfactory translated as Lawrence of Arabia. Because for the Chinese audience.They think may be more British novelist Lawrence and Lawrences erotic novel, coupled with the Arab countrys unique religious beliefs, the Chinese audience may think of other content deviates from the movie intended. Who would have thought the Lawrence ofAribia is during World War II. Time fighting in the African desert, a German air raid team in hot water, led by General, in the face of the enemy besieged by the enemy in fierce fighting and escape in a hail of bullets, expand the scenes of thrilling war stories ? so Lawrence of Arabia is a very exact des cription of the audience will soon associate the films war theme. In another example, the Waterloo Bridge mentioned earlier, such as a simple literal translation processing, it becomes a Waterloo Bridge, the audience will soon think of Napoleon. How will not and love together.Previous years, large tracts of Titanic tone into the Titanic, the Hong Kong into the Titanic. Young people, nothing. Can two elderly people wonder how so strange the movie name, called Madam you these days? Another corrected him and said kick him you jump . This joke first, and careless(predicate) of the true and false. Take the first translated version of Ice Wreck will not appear so misunderstood. There is an English name The ShawshankRedemption. This is an all fans are blown away by the absolute masterpiece, but unfortunately the translation confusion. Mainland genuine call it on the shameful fly, Hong Kong translation is to stimulate 1995. Moon black fly while listening to like martial arts films.But the meaning can also be understood can stimulate the 1995 because it was staged in Hong Kong in 1995, and no reason to become such a translation, simply make people feel uncomfortable from the heart. If you watched the movie, you will think this is blasphemy of the great works. Prefer the translation is The Shawshank Redemption. First, it take into account the shark Fort English pronunciation and meaning, seem cold and mysterious, followed faithfully repaid to save this layer of meaning are, we can say quite a place. Chinese story The Butterfly Lovers translated into English Romeo and Juliet of China, the Westernersll be able to understand its content is profound and enormous influence. Translated into The utterfly Lovers, or the pinyin transliteration, but make them puzzled. Full of Chinese cultural meaning of Farewell My Concubine translated Farewell My Concubine ridiculous. Flirting Scholar that translated into of The Flirting Scholar, but even the most nonsensical of Stephen Chow w ould think ridiculous. No wonder people translation compared to marriage, the natural letters, up to a pair of elegant, there are strong twisted sweet, stumbling through life. With the social and technological developments. Good movie more and more, and here to cite only a few examples to illustrate the problems related to cultural factors in the translation.Interdependence between the translator and film each other constraints, the name and content of each film is certain, regardless of the method of literal translation. Or paraphrase of the method taking into account the differences between Chinese and British culture, can make the translation of both faithful to the original film but also pleasant to the eyes and ears, it would be a successful translation. The successful translation can play a role in promoting the popularity of the film. Inappropriate translation in a loss to some extent a good movie. So we are looking forward to the translators can focus more on the translation of film titles from the cultural and aesthetic point of view, rather than the pursuit of economic efficiency or for pursuit of strange maverick. ?. ConclusionLanguage is the carrier of thinking, the movie name is a reflection of the linguistic form, and thinking in the name of the English film translation of differences in the impact, so closely related to the three. In this paper, the translation of the name of the Sino-British film, by comparing the differences of both English and Chinese translation of the film name of the forms of expression and word selection, trying to integrated thinking and decentralized thinking, the dominating thinking and recessive thinking, abstract thinking and thinking in images of the three angles a reasonable explanation of the differences in national mode of thinking in English.

Disneyland Resort Paris

Disneyland Resort capital of France a development after understanding local glosss The case Disneyland Resort Paris Mickey Goes to europium introduced readers to the development of Disneyland Paris during fifteen years. Even though Disneyland Paris had a terrible start in 1994, it had a great mendment and bright afterlife in 2007. The curtilage for its failure and success is the same burnish. Forgetting to respect local assimilation caused Disneyland to lose market and revenue in Paris, while ad ripeing its operations with culture issues put Disneyland Paris in a successful position. The success of Disneyland in AmericaAs a cartoon company which was founded in 1923, Walt Disney Company started its business in America. During the stopover to develop its business to Americans, Disney created its nerve centre values such as innovation, fun and magic. Disney movies which evoked these values are welcomed by audiences and make the company the knowledge do primary(prenominal) lo ss leader in animation (Martha, 2011). For the same ground, Disneyland makeup super C, a resort to make magic real and tangible, also had big success in America. The universal system of Disney Company is to use Disneyland resorts to connect the real world and the magic world.First, the company shows audiences a wonderful and magic world in its animated movie. Second, with the popularity of the movie, the animated world reappears in Disneyland resorts by those famous characters and sidewalks (Martha, 2011). All these factors can provide guests with comfortable experiences of magic and fun that helping them to forget worries in the real life. To adopt supra strategy in operation, Disney cares astir(predicate) both the internal and external management. For internal management, Disney offers its employees excellent treatments which create a high employee loyalty to the company.For the external management, Disneyland cares about expatiate in its management and confirms that it trans fers core values to its customers through lumber services. In this way, Disney received high customer satisfaction and won great success in America. Both the core values and operation strategy are universal about Disney. Factors such as fun, magic and innovation can capture positive emotions of human beings and make them be touched. Then Disney uses its high quality services to transfer these emotions to guests in the theme pose and drive them to become loyal customers.This is the reason Disneyland did great job in California and Tokyo. However, Disney faced failures in Paris at the beginning of the resort opening. The Reason of Failure in Paris The reason of failure in Paris is forgetting to consider the effects of culture different. Disney is not an aggressive company that explores new market blindly. It aware the risk of operating a theme park out of America and thinks carefully about how to spend cash and transfer core values to guests in Tokyo. Tokyo Disneyland is the most m iodineymaking Disneyland in the world.The park in Tokyo completely copied the business model of the American one. However, due to the success case in Tokyo, the company forgot to consider about ethnical differences and lost its market in Europe. What the company states is the strategy full treatment in Tokyo will also works in Europe. However, Disney forgot to consider dickens kinds of culture differences, the difference between culture in Europe and Japan and the difference between culture in America and Europe. The former difference gist even though America model worked in Japan, the same model may not success in Europe.For example, customers in Japan like their park have the real thing (Martha, 2011) not means customer in Europe will also welcome it. For the similar reason, a mode works well in America may not also works well in Europe. For example, the wine issue put Disneyland in Paris in a negative position and brought it infamous effects. An Effective Improvement to Make the Resort to Survive in Europe Disneyland in Paris had five burn downes to improve its business * Change the name of the park from Euro Disney to Disneyland Paris.This approach weakened the image of park in Europe and strengthened the image of a theme park in Paris . As a result, the effects of culture differences will have lower power to stop guests feel Disneys core value. * Reduce cost to increase net income under a condition of lower revenue of Disneyland Paris. The culture in Europe restricts the ability of Disney to absorb money form customers. Since its hard to change the culture in Europe, a better choice is to adjust financial approach to reduce the lose caused by culture. Re normal services to attract more customers. Disney studio park and Val d Europe are two examples of services which capture more customers. The former one tries its best to include European elements in it. The approach provides guests something they were familiar with and attract more tourist to visit the Disneyland park. The latter one created a center to imbibe customers attention and affected their travelling preferences. Both of these two buildings were near Disneyland Paris and work as a transportation to connect the European culture and Disney culture.Buildings with familiar elements will make guests feel comfortable and reduce their unfriendly feelings to Disneyland Park. Therefore the park will get a chance to cross the cultural boundary and bring its customers excellent experiences. * Improve services to bring visitors back. In addition to existing services, Disneyland is doing kinds of improvements to satisfy customers and making them find new attractions in the park. This approach will increase the customer loyalty and get them back to the park. In my opinion, Disneyland Paris did right process to resolve its crisis.At one side, Disney didnt give up its core values. At the other side, the park improved its operation and management to create an environment which can c omfort European visitors and expend businesses. Disneyland Paris indentified its main problem, cultural blunder, clearly and reacted to it quickly. Take the Walt Disney studios park as an example, this approach adopted the MBI model perfectly. * Mapping Notice the culture differences between America and Europe. * Bridge In prepare stage, Disneyland Paris already understood its customers and plan to use the studio to make it understood by customers.In decenter stage, Disney Company evolved European elements in its products since the empathy made it to offer customers services they like. In recenter stage, an example of inviting European designer to design stunt show expresses its high emotion of establish a common reality (Martha, 2011). * Integrate the opinion of Peter McGrath (Martha, 2011) illustrates the studio park has high awareness of handle cultural differences and face new cultural challenges. Disneyland Paris also adopted MBI model to its other services and the park generat ed customer loyalty successfully.The company reprogrammed and reopened existing star attractions to bring visitors back and also authorize attention of new customers. The high benefits Disney Paris offering to its employees creates a positive internal company culture and helps employees to provide visitors with high quality services. The high quality services with innovation transferred core values of Disneyland to its customers. For example, the summer camps service, which launched in 2003, brought low cost and high return to the company and at the same time welcomed by customers. A balance of local culture and America StyleI will advise Disneyland Paris to adapt the park in a balance of local culture and American style. Completely copying American model is proved to be a failure case therefore moving Disneyland Paris to this mode is just putting the company in the wrong track of development. A total local cultural mode will cause the park lose its characteristics. If Disneyland d oesnt have any Disney features, why customers prefer Disneyland rather than its competitors? At one side, features like Disney characters and buildings differentiate Disneyland from other theme parks.At the other side, the company needs to design and organize services in a more local way to guarantee that its core values can be transferred and accepted by visitors. To connect Disneyland with local events will be a good choice. For example, Paris will hold medicine festival every July. Sending band which consisted with Disney characters to play music on the festival can remind people the existence of the park and attract them to visit it. In 2009, German visitors are just 3% of consentient visitors (Maznevski, 2009). Therefore to increase German visitors can extend visitors and boost revenue.When Oktoberfest festival is held in German, Disneyland Paris can also hold beer festival in the park to make Germany feel happy and glad to visit the park as well as spend money. Bibliography H arry w. Lane, Martha l. Maznevski, Joseph J. DiStefana, Joerg Dietz. (2011). International Management Behavior. Chippenham, Great Britain cost-of-living index Abtone Rowe. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2009, 06 25). Disneyland Paris ANNO 2009. Lausanne, Switzerland. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2011). Disneyland Resort Paris Mickey Goes to Europe. In M. l. Harry w. Lane, International Management Behavior (p. 137). Chippenham CPI Antony Rowe.

Understanding Child and Young Person Development

unit of measurement title Understand squirt and young person development Unit number CYP Core 3 Question 4 4. 1 Analyse the importance of early identification of speech, nomenclature and parley delays and disorders and the potential risks of slowly recognition. It is requisite that speech, wrangle and communication delays and disorders are noticed early so the relevant interventions can be used to support the infant or young person. arrange the questions below. 1. How can observation be used to identify speech, languold age and communication delays? 2.What should you do if you feed concerns about a pincers development of speech, linguistic process and communication skills? 3. What would be the risks if these delays were not identified? Use your answers to help you analyse the importance of early identification of speech, spoken communication and communication delays and disorders and the potential risks in late recognition. The early years are a time for rapid learning and development in a sisters life. Language is actually of the essence(predicate) to learning since it helps the peasant to chisel in information in an organized way and to express the claws thoughts.If a claw has difficulty in communication with separates due to a speech and language delay or disorder the fry lead be at a disadvantage. The electric shaver will deport many problems. The child whitethorn fail to understand operating instructions given by the bounteous and this whitethorn be interpreted as misbehaviour. For sample the child has been instructed to put away the task and line up to go for the music lesson to another room at school. However the child has not understood what has to be done because of his inability to process the information.Instead the child goes and has a drink of water and takes out his lunch box. Teaching in schools is usually done through verbal description and instruction. The adult presents learning situations with the use of language or speech. Failure to understand means the child will be unable to store or use information provided. For archetype the child has to play a board game with trinity other children and so has to follow specific instructions shown by the adult according to the rules of the game.A child with language delay has limited resources for demonstrating knowledge and explaining their reasoning. For example the child wants to explain to the teacher the properties of a three dimension solid but finds it difficult to do so because of language delay. Oral language serves as a precursor to literary skills. For example the child first has to be a good communicator and because uses this skill to interact with others. Then the child uses vocabulary to understand and experience stories, songs, poems and rhymes. The child begins to enjoy read and writing.Language ability is central to the ability to establish friendship with other children. The child has to be able to communicate and talk to his pee rs and form social relationships with them. For example the children use language to imagine at role play and develop social skills. There are a number of reasons why children experience difficulties and delays in speech, language and communication development. The causes may be due to ear infection where the child is unable to hear rowing or hear distorted sounds, or find it confusing and tiring to focus on verbal communication.The ear fluid may pose a problem for the child and sounds are conquer and not clear to the childs listening. The child may be experiencing specific difficulty in using their oral muscles effectively and this may adjoin speech. For example a child with cerebral palsy does not have much control over the mouth and the muscles around it and so cannot form the wrangle properly. The child may say b sound instead of v and so the meaning of the word could be totally different-base for vase. Sometimes speech and language difficulties are passed down families. For example stammering or lisping.Problems during pregnancy and birth can also affect the childs developing originator and contribute to speech and language difficulties as part of a wider developmental delay. For example a mother may experience bleeding of the placenta during pregnancy and this may affect the unborn child. The child born thus may be able to say certain sounds but not be able to direct clearly as the vocal chords may be affected or due to damage in the brain that controls language. There may be a recognised syndrome or disorder that causes language difficulty for the child and is not able to communicate with others.The child may have a lack of stimulant drug and support to provide the rich language experience necessary to develop speech, language and communication skills. For example at school, the setting may not have an enabling environment to stimulate the childs different chases necessary for acquiring language. The books, music, songs and so on may not stimulat e and interest the child. For nearly children on that point is no clear reason as to why there is a delay in the development of speech, language and communication skills.Therefore, an adult should neer assume that the childs speech, language and communication problems are due to hearing loss. It may be that the child is experiencing communicating difficulties that are unrelated to their hearing problems because the child may not have acquired the vocabulary necessary to express his thoughts and actions. It is important to observe the child carefully, c pull backly and to listen to them in different situations to jibe that the teacher is clear about what their needs are, their strengths and difficulties.It is important to observe the child in a range of settings and in both structured and unstructured situations. For example the child can be observed in the classroom playground or lunch hall and the assessor can identify the childs needs and plan the next step for the childs deve lopment in speech, language and communication skills. Some children who begin settings with an apparent delay in their skills quickly progress as the child experiences language rich activities. Other children who are shy take a while to develop confidence to let the cat out of the bag and express themselves because the child may be shy or reserved by nature.The most reliable assessor will take into account the childs views, parents knowledge of the child and observations from all professionals who are involved with the development of the child. Assessment should be a continuous process and over a plosive of time so that one can gather evidence to inform and enable appropriate and timely support and provision for the child. The assessor should never be tempted to wait and see. There is a window of opportunity if a childs speech, language and communication skills are similar to his peers by age 5 12years then the child is making good progress.If it is not, then the child needs suppo rt at an early stage over a uttermost of 2 years so that the child can progress and be at the same level as his peers so it is always better to arrive now when the problem has been identified. The assessor will enquire about the childs hearing and request a test if necessary. The assessor will bar physiological factors affecting development like vision, cleft palate, motor difficulties. The assessor will show particular awareness and sensitivity to, the needs of a child learning English as an additional language.To encourage and develop the childs speech, language and communication skills most effectively, the adult needs to position herself submit to face as the adult plays and talks to the children. The adult needs to shift her gaze between the activity the child does and the child. For example when the child sees the face of the adult it allows the child to understand the facial expressions and the lip pattern help the child to understand words. The adult must make sure that the child is paying management each time the adult talks to the child. For example at circle time the teacher must ensure that the child is facing her and not be distracted.The child must be able to concentrate and not play with a piece of string found on the mat. The adult must postponement language simple and avoid long and complicated sentences when talking and giving instructions to the child. Long winded sentences confuse and distract the child and the child may not be able to follow. At group time the adult must make sure that the child is seeing the adults face. This will help the child to understand emotions and facial expressions when the child is being read a story. The adult must use gestures since this will help and encourage the child to become good communicators.Learning to listen and speak emerges out of non-verbal communication like eye contact, facial expressions and hand gestures. The adult must ensure that there is no background noise that will affect the abilit y of the child to hear what the adult is saying. If there is noise the child will distracted and lose interest in the lesson. The adult should have knowledge of the childs use of a dummy at home and should discourage parents to use it because problems scrape in speech and the child may not be able to speak and pronounce words clearly.Sucking habits impede progress in speech, language and communication skills since the child interacts less socially with his peers and people around the child. The movement of the tongue is restricted and the child does not talk as much if the child did not have the dummy in the mouth. The dummy should be given to the child at bedtime or when really required and not to keep the child quiet. The adult should talk at a natural pace. If the adult speaks too fast the child will not understand what is being spoken.If the adult speaks very slowly the child loses interest and attention gets diverted since the child has a short attention span. If a child is sh outed at and given commands then the childs speech gets hampered. Shouting, by the child is viewed as unpleasant and jarring to the ear and the lip pattern gets distorted. The child may develop a fear and become withdrawn and afraid in the adults presence. If an adult in the school setting is concerned about the speech, language and communication skills of a child then the adult must discuss it with the parents.The adult can approach the parents in a sensitive manner and say the child has a problem with these particular speech sounds and not say that they cannot understand what the child says. With permission the school can seek specialist help so that the childs needs can be supported appropriately at the right time and right age keeping all the other factors that help towards the building of good speech, language and communication skills. If the child has a delay in speech development, the child will not understand language spoken to them.The child will develop a range of sound sp eech inappropriate for their age. The child will not develop use of words and sentences appropriate to their age. The child may use language inappropriately. For example saying phrases that do not make sense in context or iterate chunks of language without any meaning. The child may find it unusually difficult to follow rules or join in conversation by looking, taking turns, sharing, interest in a subject and so on. The child may show frustration and be upset and may withdraw from conversation due to non-fluency in language.Sometimes the parents are very anxious about the childs speech and then this reflects on the childs behaviour and development. If an adult observes that the child is non-fluent that continues more than 6 months then the adult have to take serious action and appropriate measures should be adopted because it has been seen that with extra support, the child makes good progress. Speech, language and communication difficulties are common among children. Early identif ication therefore prevents difficulties later on especially in talking, listening, literacy and making friends.

Artistic Themes from Ancient Cultures Essay

The consumption a man plays in rules of order, as well as the role a fair sex plays in society is referred to as a gender role. A gender role can include, but is non restrict to a persons status, position, behavior, and activities that is deemed fitting for the sex of that person. Men and womens roles be very different and have always been that way. It is expected by society that men and women have diverse principles and attitudes. The fact that certain behavior is logically linked to the gender of the person is confronted by the tender aspect that is mirrored by behavior. Role is such a broad word with different understandings, one meaning powerfully characterized. On the other hand the term gender role refers to history and culture. Gender roles do change with time. Roles have changed drastically over time.Dependent on the background or culture of people, one should know that gender roles can be clarified in a number of ways. In earlier times it was normal for the woman to stay at home and tending for the home and the children but now that have changed. Women these days are working just like the man. However in some cultures it is still tradition that the woman stay home and take care of the house. Those particular cultures think it is just not right for women to be independent or provide for their get family. In some cultures people are still against women voting or having the same rights as men. But in the culture I live in, men and women parcel of land equal rights which includes, but is not limited to the right to vote. The measurement of gender role identity typically focuses upon personality traits (e.g., agentic versus communal), with individuals indicating on a paper-and-pencil survey the stagecoach to which each trait provides a true description of themselves (Lenton, 2004).In Rome, they believed in their gender roles. According to the men of Rome, the women were very weak individuals who needed male direction and protection. The role of p rotector and guide was first played by the father of the womanand then the husband. If, by chance something happened to the husband, another man would be appointed to take on this role. If a woman bared three children or more she was no longer required to be under the guidance of a man, she is now unrestricted. According to Fiero (2011), women had traditional occupations in food and textile production and prostitution, but women were also known to hold positions as musicians, painters, priestess, midwives, and even gladiators. In Rome, marriages were sick together based on the persons social status. A gift, identifying the social status of the bride was given to the groom from the brides father. Not knowing the social status brought about many problems. Infidelity was on the rise in married women, divorce was becoming more common, and it was not uncommon for the second and third base marriages to come about in men and women (Fiero, 2011). The differences in the gender roles were very obvious.In the earlier Roman years women were only allowed to drink grape juice. They were not permitted to drink wine at all. When women attended dinner parties they were not allowed to lounge around, however the men were. The slaves did most of the manual labor so women had very footling to do, if anything. The gender roles of the Romans were totally different from the Greeks. Work was shared by both men and women but were separated centered on their gender. Women were given the option to own land alongside with the men. Both men and women stayed active in the economy among families that ran small shops or workshops (Sutton, 2013). Jobs with low pay were offered to the women who did want to work. Once the Greek women jump a family, they would stop working outside of the home. Today, women are allowed to work after starting a family. Regardless of origin, it is important to convey that gender roles are neither static nor invariant (Lenton, 2004). As the years passed, gender roles have dropped. The modern lifestyles that are created now have transformed the aspect of gender roles. There are more women in the workplace than ever before. Women are now just as equal as men.ReferencesLenton, A. P. (2004). Gender Roles. Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/worldsocs/gender_rolesFiero, G.K. (2011). The Humanistic Tradition (5th ed.). cutting York City, New York McGraw-Hill.Sutton,S.B. (2013). Culture of Greece. Retrieved from http//www.everyculture.com/gelt/greece/html

Questioning Techniques Essay

A number of seekes conducted recently within the local setting on teaching skills of teachers show that there is a decline of the quality of classroom teaching of many teachers. The prime reason for this decline, as concluded by many exploreers, lies in the problems of the training they receive at pre-service training institutions. For example Lim, Cock, Lock et.al. (2009) state that though there is a practical element of pre-service teacher training, it does not provide enough knowledge and skills for the teachers to like the challenges they encounter in the classroom brought by globalization and the emergence of modern technology. Because it is the National Colleges of upbringing that produce the pre-training to majority of teachers their syllabi were analyzed to understand that heavy metaphysical knowledge given through the syllabi deprives the likely teachers of opportunity of having enough practical teaching experience during their on campus training. On the other hand, n o specific concern is paid on developing important teaching skills even though some practical teaching opportunities are given to them.Karaseva (2013) also highlights the importance of liberal teachers assistance in getting their problems solved in relation to particular teaching skills of which they show weaknesses in. Among those important teaching skills, quizzical proficiencys are one of the skills to which little attention is paid during pre- service teacher education. Cotton (1989) says that virtually no attention is paid on developing questioning techniques of teachers during their pre-service training period. Further, Aggarwal (2013) highlights the importance of questioning techniques because psychologically and philosophically asked questions help teachers achieving lesson objectives to expected level. in that locationfore, this research broadly aims at developing the questioning techniques of prospective teachers using a widely recognized technique and evaluating the efficacy of the used technique in developing teaching skillsof prospective teachers. Objectives of the StudyTo review the theoretical background of questioning techniques in teaching. To investigate the development of questioning techniques of prospective teachers through the current programme of instruction. To find out innovative techniques that can be used in improving questioning techniques. methodology/DesignTheoretical background of questioning techniques was reviewed through literature and a encumber contestation was used to determine the current states of questioning techniques employed by prospective teachers in their lessons. It was promote expected to use the checklist to determine how far the existing methodology of instruction is cap commensurate of developing questioning techniques. The check list focused broadly on general aspects of questioning such as tone and accuracy of questions and specific skills such as eliciting, probing and Socratic questions. Lessons wer e videotaped for further analysis and at the same time descriptive field notes were kept by the researcher for recording and analyzing the questioning techniques employed by prospective teachers. compeer group members too observed the lessons and used an observation schedule to record and comment on the questioning techniques used by their colleagues. An available convenience judge of 30 prospective teachers of side of meat was selected for the research and two lessons of each member were observed using the check list. From the 30 teachers observed, 12 were selected to conduct lessons in the classroom for the peer group. Half the peer group acted as students while the rest was observing the lesson using the observation schedule. Therefore, the data gathering instruments of the research include a checklist, field notes, an observation schedule, videotaping and lesson plans prepared by prospective teachers. Results/FindingsWhen the theories related to questioning techniques were an alyzed it was understood that Blooms Taxonomy provides proper guidance for teachers in selecting, evaluate and using questions to develop the cognitive domain of students(Bloom et.al. cited in Huitt, 2011). Doff, (1988) Alexis,( 2009) and Hyman, (1982) add the importance of wait time to classification ofquestions according to Blooms Taxonomy. They prove that lengthy wait time encourages critical thinking. When literature is further analyzed it was understood that probing questions are very important for the subject taught by prospective teachers, i.e. English language as probing questions demand authentic language production (Stepien, 2012). With the light of the theories related to questioning techniques, results of check lists were analyzed with comparisons to the field notes of observed lessons. The results of check list show that prospective teachers use tone appropriately in asking questions which is further verified by the field notes.Though high tag were noticed for the acc uracy of questions in the checklist field notes and observation schedules record inaccurate questions especially in complex structures such as, Can you tell me what is this colour? There were five sections of the check list out of which probing questions recorded the least marks for a greater majority of the prospective teachers. This was further noticed in field notes and observation schedules because only a few such questions had been recorded. Teachers seemed to be happy with the received questions or directly corrected the inappropriate answers without attempting to probe into the answer. When research conducted to develop teaching skills were studied it was found out that Micro Teaching has provided effective results in international setting in developing skills such as class control and classroom managementConclusionsProspective teachers should be encouraged to preplan their questions whenever possible to increase the accuracy of them because inaccurate questions lead to misco nceptualization. New strategies must be employed to give more training to prospective teachers to develop aspects such as wait time, using probing questions because the existing method has not been able to develop those aspects of questioning. Micro Teaching is suggested to be used in developing questioning techniques since it has been successful in many other situations in developing several(prenominal) other teaching skills such as class control and classroom management.Reference1. Aggarwal, J. C. 2013. Essentials of Educational Technology. Innovations inTeaching Learning. Dlhi, Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd. 2. Alexis, 2009. A question Strategy, Power of Wait clip/Think Time. Retrieved from http//schoolvisitexperts.com/?p=563 on 10.02.2014. 3. Asking Questions to Improve Listening. The Teaching Center. Washington University.(2009)Retrieved fromhttp//teachingcenter.wustl.edu/strategies/Pages/asking-questions.aspx on 12.02.2014 4. Beare, K. (N.D.) Speaking Skills Asking Quest ions. About.com English as 2nd Language. (Retrieved on 13.02.2014) 5. Cotton, K. 1989. Classroom Questioning. School Improvement Research Series. NorthwestRegionalEducationalLaboratory.http//www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/3/cu5. html. 6. Doff,A. 1988. Teach English A Training Course for Teachers. Trainers strain Book. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 7. Fries-Geither, J. 2008 Why Ask Questions? The Ohio State University. Ohio 8. Hyman, 1982. Teaching Methods. Questioning in the Classroom. How to Ask Questions. Retrieved from,http//www.teaching.iub.edu/finder/wrapper.php%3Finc_id%3Ds2_1_lect_04_quest.shtml on 14.02.2014 9. Innovations and Initiatives in Teacher Education in Asia and the Pacific Region. (1990).(Vol-II).Bangkok, UNESCO school principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 10. Marzano, R. Pickering, D. and Pollock, J. 2001. Classroom Instruction That Works Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. Alexandria, VA Association for Supervision and C urriculum Development. 11. Professional Development among Academic faculty at Selected Malaysian Public Universities Preliminary Findings of the Impact of the Basic Teaching Methodology Courses, International Journal of Business and Social Science 2(3) 2011.p.125 12. Research Scholar. An data-based Study to Find Out the Effectiveness of Some Micro Teaching Skills in Teaching Geography at the Secondary Level. West Bengal, Rabindra Bharati University. 13. Rowe, M.B. (n.d.) Wait Time Slowing Down May Be A Way of Speeding Up. Journal of Teacher Education. 1986 37 43 Retrieved from, http//jte.sagepub.com/cgi/content/ pluck/37/1/43 on 13.02.2014 14. Shomoossi, N(2004),.The effect of teachers questioning behavior on EFL classroom interaction A classroom research study, The Reading Matrix, 4 pp. 9610415. Yang, C.C.R. (2010)Teacher questions in second language classrooms An investigation of three case studies, Asian EFL Journal, 12 (1) (2010), pp. 181201Declaration Form for Corresponding Au thorTitle of the abstract Asking Questions the Right way an analysis of the questioning techniques employed by prospective teachers. (Current state of an ongoing action research to develop the questioning techniques of prospective teachers)Name of authors R.M.D. RohanAddress of institution where the work was carried out Pasdunrata National College of Education KalutaraName of the supervisor Prof. Manjula VithanapathiranaI declare that the above abstract reports the results of original research work and that the work reported in the abstract has not been published or presented elsewhere.Name & Signature of the Corresponding Author R.M.D. Rohan Address Pasdunrata National College of Education Kalutara DateSupervisors signature

Ironic Narrative in A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Wi refined the pages of A valediction to weapons, modernist work of the 1920s, Hemingway often blurs the lines between the wild-eyed narrative pattern and the ironical angiotensin-converting enzyme. Critics argue over the specifics of each case Do his subes change and twist? Do they stagnate? Do they fail? be they initiated into some greater consciousness of the foundation around them? Are Hemingways heroes amorous conquistadors or are they ironic failures? How does an understanding of these heroes initiations enhance Hemingways nitty-gritty in the novel? These are the sorts of headlands that must(prenominal) be considered in any effort to determine the necessity of an ironic reading of this important Hemingway work.Paradigms Romance and ironyAlthough tragedy and tell apartdy have typified many movements and periods of literary history, for the purposes of this essay, it is necessary to focus upon the paradigms of romance and irony. These narrative patterns are not as fa miliar to many readers. Readers may associate romance with a particular genre of literature, whether gothic or harlequin, or recognize salient ironic details within plots, divisions, and/or dialogues, al whiz many fail to realize the archetypal patterns that define the literary paradigms of romance and irony and their relationship to one another.Foulke and Smith lay the foundation for this exploration of romantic hero versus ironic anti-hero and romantic quest versus anti-quest, yet this construction can be explored thus far more fully if one examines the elements of the heros locomote as (de) constructed by Joseph Campbell in Hero with a Thousand Faces. In this work, Campbell draws from the traditions of Freud and Jung to illustrate how the deeds of myth survive into modern cartridge clips (Campbell 4).Because themes of initiation and the colligate heros quest are fundamental to the human condition, tying into universal proposition perceptions of birth, growth, and death, t he quest theme itself is always a shape-shifting yet marvelously agreeable story that fits into the psychologically prescribed checkpoints of a narrative pattern such as romance or irony (Campbell 3).In the realm of romance, young heroes, principally in possession of some power that transcends the ordinary, are called to adventure, initiated into some sort of intimacy or greater understanding of the universe (in other words, he or she receives the booty or treasure, whether physical, psychological, or spiritual), and returns transformed, armed with some sort of greater understanding about the world around him or her significant enough to remediate the plight of humankind or at least improve the lot of society (Foulke and Smith 5).On the contrary, the ironic journey is rooted in, nearly, irony. Perhaps the ironic hero, plagued by a less than ordinary potency, living in a world of chaos and disorder, ventures upon an aimless journey, and either fails to attain the treasure, or pe rhaps even more significantly, remains unchanged by his or her quest (Foulke and Smith 5). The narrative modes of romance and irony, then, can best be explored by pitting one against the other. Each pattern illustrates or represents a polarized human experience romance represents the imagined, idealized world of constancy and order, while the ironic mode represents the world of baffle human desires (Foulke and Smith 8). Because of the universal significance of such patterns, such paradigms are powerful mechanisms for the exploration of the human condition.Ironic Narrative in A Farewell to ArmsFrom the inauguration of the novel, readers immediately sense the ambiguity and uncertainty of heros role in an unpredictable world. The book opens with an ironic tone characterisation a wilting earth in a drenched autumn leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare, even the vineyards are described as thin and bare-branched (Hemingway 4). And, even more poetically, Hem ingway artfully sets up an ironic tone for the novel by cleverly, though morbidly, emphasizing that with the winter came permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera though, in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army (Hemingway 4). With this opening, a wilting depiction of nature, Hemingway sets his readers up for an ironic interpretation of his novel.It is within the scene of such a pervasive unsettling setting, as typical of the ironic mode, that readers encounter Hemingways ironic hero Frederic Henry. Frederic is initially set into a tralatitious heros role he is a soldier. And, not only is Frederic a soldier, but he is an American volunteer for the Italian army. Within the context of the traditional romanticized soldier hero, it could be suggested that such action as volunteering for someone elses fight is valiant, brave, and even representative of that larger-than-life archetypal hero depicted in narrative romance. However, Hemingway is certain to emphasize F rederics innocentt, if not foolishness, from the very beginning of this anti-heros journey.Although Frederic technically ranks as an officer, he describes his work to Catherine as not in reality with the army, but only the ambulance (Hemingway 18). As an ambulance driver on the Italian front, Frederics innocence is encapsulated in his belief that it is impossible for him to be killed at the front by and by all, the war did not have anything to do with him (Hemingway 37). Frederics innocence is also depicted and reinforced by his obliviousness to the war he is able to affect comfortably in convoy if in the first car and appreciate the clear, fast and shallow river and the mysterious looming mountains (Hemingway 44-5).Frederics ability to appreciate the picturesque Italian front illustrates his inability to realize the significance of both the deep pools of the river blue interchangeable the sky and the reality of life and death shuttled within his ambulance (Hemingway 47). This naivet is similarly reflected archean in the novel by the fact that Frederic clearly and staunchly believes in the traditional virtues of soldiering good soldiers are brave and have good discipline (Hemingway 48). When these naive character traits are coupled with the dominant impression presented by the fading, rainy steady down, and cholera-struck winter, the stage is set early on in A Farewell to Arms for another Hemingway triumph of irony.However, from the beginning of the book, readers are aware that Frederic is becoming increasingly cognizant of the fact that It evidently made no difference whether he was at that place to look after things or not (Hemingway 16). When Frederic returns to the front after his leave time, he realizes that all is as he had left it except that now it was edge (Hemingway 10) the front had remained static, and neither side had advanced or taken new territory. As typical of the ironic hero, Frederic begins to think that perhaps the whole thing runs break off without him anyway (Hemingway 16). From Frederics perspective, not even the wounded in the infirmary are real wounded rather, true casualties could only result from the action when the war picks back up again (Hemingway 12).Frederics dissatisfaction with the world around him represents his call to adventure. As a foreigner in someone elses war, Frederic Henry is beginning to sense the calculated nature of war as well as his insignificance in this cataclysmic event. For regardless of the supposed honor of military service, Frederic is beginning to incredulity the dignity of his post he considers his position as an ambulance driver to be not really the army, the Italian salute, a gesture not made for export, begins to attract him uncomfortable, and even the steel helmets soldiers are required to wear seem too bloody theatrical (Hemingway 18, 23, 28-9). And, even life at the front is beginning to grow dull The priest was good but dull. The officers were not good but dull. The King was good but dull. Only the wine, bad, was not dull (Hemingway 38-9). Frederic is beginning to question his role, and his significance, within the context of the war, and within the context of his morality.All around Frederic Henry, soldiers much more connected than he is to the war, such as Italian peasants, workers, and citizens, recognize the plague of the war for what it is senseless fighting for abstract principles that results in the death of innocent soldiers often blindly fighting for these goals. This reality is exemplified in Frederics encounter with a soldier suffering from a hernia at the front. The soldier, of course, wants out, but tells Frederic, the ambulance driver, that officers do not find his condition worthy of excusing him from duty. Henry advises the man with the hernia to fall down by the road and get a bump on his head so that he can legitimize taking the soldier to the hospital (Hemingway 35).However, irony permeates this situation. Henry and his compadres encounter the man with the rupture once again, only this time his head is bleeding as two men lift him They had come back for him after all (Hemingway 36). This anecdote illustrates the fundamentally ironic nature of war violence, injury, motivation, unpredictable motives and priorities, the inherent irony in fighting for someone elses cause. Soldiers in war must struggle to choose to fight for arguably noble causes of an abstract nation, ideological principle, or political goal, look out for one another on the front, or simply prioritize their own survival.Frederic must grapple with why he is risking his life in this war at all. Is in that respect more to fighting in a war than simply existing in a particular place at a particular time? Frederic himself suggests that he merely stumbled into the war he was in Italyand spoke Italian (Hemingway 22). How moral is it to participate in collective violence without a passionate regulation of ethics that supports the cause? The se are the types of concerns plaguing Hemingways ironic hero as he is beckoned towards the threshold of adventure.ConclusionAfter analyzing the impotent nature of the major character of A Farwell to Arms, it becomes clear that the novel do indeed illustrate the futile struggle of a lost generation. Perhaps the most central question that must be explored in the consideration of whether or not this work are examples of the paradigm of narrative irony hinges upon the endings of the works. Does Frederic transform over the course of his literal and symbolical journey? It is clear that he does not.Frederic has acquire that life is only meaningful if one lives it according to his or her own values, but he has also learned the lessons of the great irony that the world breaks everyoneIt kills the good, and the very gentle, and the very brave impartially and The only thing that one can be sure of in this world is that one will be destroyed (Hemingway 249 Phelan 54). Hemingways A Farewell to Arms ends in utter irony. When Frederic finally says goodbye to his beloved Catherine, he remarks that it is like saying good-by to a statue.The novel ends as Frederic walks back to the hotel in the rain (Hemingway 332). Left in a post-World War I experience, Frederic is lost, bereft, homeless, and a regurgitate (Donaldson 15) Frederic Henry has learned the ironic lessons of life, and attempted to establish and live by a moral code dictated by his own creation, only to be defeated by the ultimate truth of existence, that is, that stripped of the traditional props of God, country, and tradition, the modern hero must face the harsh and irremediable realities of existence (Gurko 65).Hemingways skillful use of narrative irony in this text represents the most appropriate use of the modernist writers palette, for within the anti-hero of Frederic Henry readers find universal symbols for the plight of modern man. Because Hemingway stresses this fundamental futility of the human struggle wi thin the confines of life and death, any interpretations that stress the romantic triumphs of this early Hemingway novel, that is, that this hero attain knowledge that can transform his world within his move from innocence to experience, is countered by the undeniable reality portrayed in this novel and that the book end in overwhelming irony (Smith 33).The ironic mode dominates as Frederic, desperate to add meaning to his life through love and experience, emerge as mere globe clutching at a straw (Smith 34). As Philip Young so eloquently argues in Hemingway A Reconsideration, the fundamental reality of both the ironic mode, as well as Hemingways novel, is that In the end, man is trapped (93).Works CitedCampbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton Princeton University, 1968.Donaldson, Scott. Introduction. impudent Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge Cambridge University, 1990. 1-25.Foulke, Robert and Paul Smith. An inning of Literature. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972.Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingway and the Pursuit of Heroism. New York Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968.Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York Scribner, 1995Phelan, James. Distance, Voice, and Temporal Perspective in Frederic Henrys Narration Successes, Problems, and Paradox. New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge Cambridge University, 1990. 53-74.Smith, Paul. The Trying-out of A Farewell to Arms. New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge Cambridge University, 1990. 27-54.