buy custom Delinquency essay

buy custom Delinquency essay In the current case study, three teenagers were found outdoors at 1 AM on a Thursday night; one of them was smoking a cigarette, and two others were holding the beer cans. The young people were violating a number of laws; consequently, I, as a police officer, decided to investigate this issue. All the teenagers have violated the city ordinance regarding the curfew. According to the juvenile curfew ordinance, adopted by the Houston City Council, the minors under 17 years old are not allowed to stay in a public place after midnight without their conservator or parent. When I approached the teenagers, I asked them whether they were returning from their employment, were involved in the intrastate transportation, were on the emergence errand, and about other exceptional cases that allowed minors to stay outdoors after midnight (Houston Police Department, n.d.). The teenagers were certainly loitering and violating the city curfew ordinance. Two male teenagers were holding beer cans when I approached the group. They were to be charged with the offenses under the Minor-in-Possession and Minor-in-Consumption laws. The boys were under the legal drinking age; they both were only 17 years old. The teenagers were not drinking from the bottles, when I saw them; therefore, they can be charged only with breaking the Minor-in-Possession law. However, when the minors started talking, I understood that they were in an advanced state of alcohol intoxication. The male teenagers could not speak audibly, demonstrated inadequate reactions, and reeked of alcohol. Because of these issues, they can be also charged with an underage drinking offense. The teenage girl, who was 16 years old, was holding a cigarette in her hands. Despite the laws that prohibit selling cigarettes to the minors, she was not breaking the law because, in fact, the purchase of that igarette by her could not be proven. The possession of cigarettes by a minor, on the other hand, is not a legal offense (Washington State Legislature, n.d.). The girl did not have the symptoms of visible alcoholic intoxication; consequently, de jure, she violated only the city ordinance regarding the curfew. My investigation of this status offense case began with the examination of the teenagers concerning the reasons of their staying outdoors at night and check of their identity. When I understood that the two minors were seriously drunk, I asked them to take a sobriety test to prove my apprehension with evidence. One of the male teenagers agreed to pass a breathanalyzer test, and I recorded the results. He was drunk but was reacting normally to my words. That is why I told him about the inadmissibility of such behavior; we called up his parents to come to that place and take the teenager home. In addition, they had to attend an alcohol awareness classes together with their son. The teenager, in turn, received a verbal warning for the violation of the curfew ordinance. Another male teenager, however, was uncooperative during our conversation. He showed certain signs of unmotivated aggression and was impolite with the police officer. The teenager also refused to pass the alcohol test. That is why he was charged with resisting law enforcement and was arrested. The minor was taken to the detention center for juveniles, and his parents were called up to come to the center. His parents had to pay 300 dollars as a fine while the teenager was put on probation for a year. Nevertheless, the case did not require a trial, and it will be closed after the probation period (Texas Criminal Defense, n.d.). For the violation of the curfew ordination, the teenager had to serve 50 hours of the community service (Theoharis, n.d.). The problem aggravated when his parents refused to come to the detention center, to paay the fine and take their son home. As it became clear later, the teenagers parents were in the state of divorce; any problems with their son, in turn, on ly worsened the family climate. That is why I decided that it would be better to bring the teenager home in the morning and speak with him when he is sober. As it was mentioned earlier, the teenage girl could be charged with neither alcohol possession nor consumption. Moreover, she also agreed to cooperate and passed the alcohol test. There was no alcohol in her blood; that is why I only issued her a verbal warning for violating the curfew ordinance. The girl seemed to be sorry for her behavior; that was why I did neither took her into the juvenile center nor called up her parents, but took her home by myself (Find Law, n.d.). Nevertheless, I spoke to the mother concerning the behavior of her daughter, and the woman agreed to speak with her child seriously and to control her. The behavior of the teenagers defined my decisions on how to handle these status offense cases. I understand that the written records about the offenses related to the alcohol abuse might affect the lives of those teenagers. Their chances to enter institutes or find prestigious jobs in the future might significantly reduce because of the minor mistakes of their youth. However, for their parents and me, it was necessary to make the teenagers understand the importance of abiding the laws and taking responsibility for their actions. That is why I made an attempt to handle the status offenses in a comparatively mild manner. I can hope that the girl and the first male teenager had understood their mistakes from my verbal warnings and the educational lectures of their parents. I also think that the second male teenager, who obviously had problems with his behavior, which perhaps was caused by the complicated relationships in his family, will overcome these problems. 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About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity

About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century engineering techniques. Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the reign of Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned centuries, from 330 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and on into todays church architecture. Much of what we call Byzantine architecture today is ecclesiastical, meaning church-related. Christianity began to flourish after the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 when Roman Emperor Constantine (c. 285-337) announced his own Christianity, which legitimized the new religion; Christians would no longer be routinely persecuted. With religious freedom, Christians could worship openly and without threat, and the young religion spread rapidly. The need for places of worship expanded as did the need for new approaches to building design. Hagia Irene (also known as Haghia Eirene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi) in Istanbul, Turkey is the  site of the first Christian church ordered built by Constantine in the 4th Century. Many of these early churches were destroyed but rebuilt atop their rubble by Emperor Justinian. Hagia Irene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey. Salvator Barki/Getty Images (cropped) Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. They were designed after the Greek cross or crux immissa quadrata instead of the Latin crux ordinaria of Gothic cathedrals. Early Byzantine churches might have one, dominant center dome of great height, rising from a square base on half-dome pillars or pendentives. Byzantine architecture blended Western and Middle Eastern architectural details and ways of doing things. Builders renounced the Classical Order in favor of columns with decorative impost blocks inspired by Middle Eastern designs. Mosaic decorations and narratives were common. For example, the mosaic image of Justinian in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy honors the Roman Christian Emporer. The early Middle Ages was also a time of experimentation with building methods and materials. Clerestory windows became a popular way for natural light and ventilation to enter an otherwise dark and smokey building. Mosaic of the Roman Christian Emporer Justinian I Flanked by Military and Clergy. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Construction and Engineering Techniques How do you put a huge, round dome onto a square-shaped room? Byzantine builders experimented with different methods of construction; when ceilings fell in, they tried something else. Art historian Hans Buchwald writes that: Sophisticated methods for assuring structural solidity were developed, such as well-built deep foundations, wooden tie-rod systems in vaults, walls and foundations, and metal chains placed horizontally inside masonry. Byzantine engineers turned to the structural use of pendentives to elevate domes to new heights. With this technique, a dome can rise from the top of a vertical cylinder, like a silo, giving height to the dome. Like the Hagia Irene, the exterior of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy is characterized by the silo-like pendentive construction. A good example of pendentives seen from the inside is the interior of the ​Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Istanbul, one of the most famous Byzantine structures in the world. Inside the Hagia Sophia. Frà ©dà ©ric Soltan/Corbis via Getty Images Why This Style Is Called Byzantine In the year 330, Emperor Constantine relocated the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to a part of Turkey known as Byzantium (present-day Istanbul). Constantine renamed Byzantium to be called Constantinople after himself. What we call the Byzantine Empire is really the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West. While the Eastern Empire was centered in Byzantium, the Western Roman Empire was centered in Ravenna, in northeast Italy, which is why Ravenna is a well-known tourist destination for Byzantine architecture. The Western Roman Empire in Ravenna fell in 476 but was recaptured in 540 by Justinian. Justinians Byzantine influence is still felt in Ravenna. Byzantine Architecture, East and West The Roman Emperor Flavius Justinianus was not born in Rome, but in Tauresium, Macedonia in Eastern Europe in about 482. His place of birth is a major factor why the reign of the Christian Emperor changed the shape of architecture between 527 and 565. Justinian was a ruler of Rome, but he grew up with the people of the Eastern world. He was a Christian leader uniting two worlds; construction methods and architectural details were passed back and forth. Buildings that previously had been built similar to those in Rome took on more local, Eastern influences. Justinian reconquered the Western Roman Empire, which had been taken over by barbarians, and Eastern architectural traditions were introduced to the West. A mosaic image of Justinian from the Basilica of San Vitale, in Ravenna, Italy is a testament to the Byzantine influence on the Ravenna area, which remains a great center of Italian Byzantine architecture. Byzantine Architecture Influences Architects and builders learned from each of their projects and from each other. Churches built in the East influenced the construction and design of sacred architecture built in many places. For example, the Byzantine Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, a small Istanbul experiment from the year 530, influenced the final design of the most famous Byzantine Church, the grand Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya), which itself inspired the creation of Blue Mosque of Constantinople in 1616. The Eastern Roman Empire profoundly influenced early Islamic architecture, including the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. In Orthodox countries such as Russia and Romania, Eastern Byzantine architecture persisted, as shown by the 15th century Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Byzantine architecture in the Western Roman Empire, including in Italian towns such as Ravenna, more quickly gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and the towering spire replaced the high domes of early Christian architecture. Architectural periods have no borders, especially during what is known as the Middle Ages. The period of Medieval architecture from roughly 500 to 1500 is sometimes called Middle and Late Byzantine. Ultimately, names are less important than influence, and architecture has always been subject to the next great idea. The impact of Justinians rule was felt long after his death in A.D. 565. Source Buchwald, Hans. The Dictionary of Art, Volume 9. Jane Turner, ed. Macmillan, 1996, p. 524