Moral Obligations of any Multinational Corporation - Free Sample

Question: How wide do the moral obligations (or duties) of a multinational corporation extend when operating in a global context? Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility today has become a quickly growing, main industrial problem. This exists as an idea that actually has fascinated worldwide attention. Because of the burden intended for improved lucidity plus company citizenship, this term initiated to cuddle the social, ecological and ethical confrontation. Currently, firms are actually conscious of communal plus ecological impact of global making. Also it is established that firms must never be merely money-making, yet also must properly corporate all the citizens. Via globalization and growing economy, the MNCs are enchantingly concerned along with contractors plus consumers throughout the world, particularly if they function in the mounting nations. CSR plan has a very secure relationship along with the global development and growth. CSR in the MNC firms is also seen like a medium via which bigger and recognized organizations can also contribute in the happiness of the developed nations by working sensibly regardin g social as well as environmental issues. Libertarian theories and concepts of normative hub are held by the corporations and their viewpoints are basically accountability of the promotion that held the firms to revisit all the earnings to the stakeholders within boundaries of convinced ethical side-restraints. Side-restraints might be moreover very weak which are accountable with the rules of the game. This study actually deemed libertarian point of view related to the normative hub of firms in context of the international capitalism as well as in the light of the definite corporate performance. Initially, it is also argued that weak side-restraints scene is theoretically disjointed when actually implicated within an international situation. Second, argument is made that the proponents of the libertarian brutal side-restraints view all the lack of proper theory and the privileges. Third, all the two weak side-restraints seem as well as strapping side-restraints view will be demonstrated. Multinational firms are never actually pardoned from the ethical obligations. In reality there always exist some social expectations from the multinationals and these can come from some individuals, government and the customers of the products and the services. MNCs require behaving ethically and the corporate leadership should be guided as well in terms of ethical boundaries that must exist for the organization. The national laws and regulations also help in making the MNCs behave properly and ethically. There has been some good arguments regarding multinationals running away and avoiding the laws through moving functions in various nations. Few multinational firms look for some locations merely for cheap employees plus ecological laws. Some firms discover cheap manual labor yet assume highest benchmarks otherwise regulations through which it actually sells out products and also services. This is for being capable to sell products globally. For instance, a car producer might select to adopt the Californias car production standard for selling their automobiles within all of the United States. While law may not hold multinationals towards a very high standard, the social pressure could also have some impact. Consumers within United States also have demands as well as expectations of the way in which a firm must behave. There also have been several times in news when the clothing designers plus some other manufacturers get accused of carrying their goods manufactured at the sweat shops within foreign nations. This could also cause shareholders as well as some other stakeholders in the firm to change the working circumstances for the factory labors. For instance, Nike currently extra closely monitors all its industrialized partners functions in Asia (Arnold). The actual leadership within a firm does have proper influence upon the way in which a firm behaves. Bureaucracy of any firm is not affected by an individual. There are influences that are received from vario us ends within an organisation. The other fact is that the executives as well as bureaucrats that actually lead any firm do have proper impact that could lead towards social responsible agendas and activities. Stockholders, board of the directors as well as executive level staffs all apply their individual ethicality, through their activities, into the firm. Some companies also do not require laws towards acting morally. Few nations that open their factories in foreign nations for some cheaper labor, maintain health as well as safety policies through establishment of the factories. Some firms also might act ethically for public, media as well as government relationship positive advantages. In current world economy with faster spread of data and information firms have to properly behave plus think internationally. It is also hard to maintain the non-moral business decisions far away from public. Society even holds the multinationals towards a phase of the ethics plus responsibility w hich law may not be capable to do. Als0 Multinationals are actually never free from the morals. In common, less is understood regarding management of the social responsibility in any MNC, moreover virtually or even mentally. Since several locations of study have also examined the nature of the educational otherwise commerce preference towards communal equality, there also has been previously no study upon the actual position of the social responsibility in development of the firms into fresh territories otherwise traditions. Prevailing theoretical loom towards learning the CSR carry outs amongst MNC firms, working within increasing nations, is tasks of many researchers, who have tried to evaluate and analyze common MNCs administration carry outs in the CSR. This structure was later comprehensive to cover all the CSR practices. The researches of all these researchers enabled all the interesting insights like the way in which CSR is controlled and is being handled, potential restrictions towards successful completion of the CSR practices in the domestic locations into function am ong the MNCs. Moreover, conventional study of the responsibilities also was undertaken chiefly on the home issues like labor problems and cultural discrimination, situations of the ladies as well as ecology. Till date also there actually has been very limited investigation within mounting nations circumstance, within meticulously concerning overseas MNC firms. Additional detailed evaluation and examination is required of things that are involved, ethical as well as relational reasons that survive in the schemes that are very dissimilar towards western framework where they also were actually urbanized. Along with internationalization, the need for CSR has propelled to an international context. It has been identified that triple particular contexts of the responsibility towards society regarding the worldwide supremacy exist in the world. Firstly, in current days it is actually predictable that all the MNC companies would construct novel abilities as well as take proper care of all t he issues like working situations, healthcare as well as education plus even respect of the human rights, thereby developing the nations and decreasing level of poverty otherwise child labor. Currently, majority of the multinational firms are facing several challenging issues in the era of the Globalization. It has also been observed that the multinational companies actually are becoming capable to solve and answer all the problems. They also have brought in idea of the "Three segment world", negotiating the multinational firms, the non-governmental companies and the community (McGee and Peet). Within the research, many researchers have compared both the strengths as well as weaknesses of every sector plus have analyzed all of their contributions towards solving the international problems. There have been many research methods which were based upon comparison attempts of the multinational companies within implementation of the CSR in all its developing nations. On the basis of their findings, this was seen noticeable that proper two-way partnership along with society as well as non-governmental firms could also carry some better outcomes in implementing the CSR. Thus CSR within global context would involve something more than the simple implementation of the business; it also requires trade cooperation along with some other firms in reality whose focus also is superior upon CSR. The MNCs within the global context also have a varied and very vital duty as well as obligation towards globe plus societies. Several critics have argued that present neoliberal international financial system permits MNCs towards properly utilizing of all the labors like low-priced labor as well as to exploit some lower standards upon working situations, fundamental worker rights, as well as environmental regulations and rules. MNCs also have motivated some significant debate all around incompatible issues and problems of the competence plus the justice, as well as resultant balance and poise of the economic growth plus also social injustice. Simultaneous these surges within the economic growth as well as inequity that have resulted to grave implications intended for the rights of people within developing globe. Also utilizing a proper rights-oriented standpoint, people bicker that within rights of people field accountable party is usually the actual state, plus that, particularly in situation of the neoliberal internationalization, offenders also are generally firms. Few experts also have argued about the fact that states also are not as well as must not actually be single target and aim of any global legal duty and that total dependence upon the state obligations might not be very adequate towards roughly protecting the rights of people. Very proper agreement has actually come that some definite business activities are disadvantageous to globally renowned rules of the human rights. Some papers have also examined possibility of the exterior governing body towards holding in check tolerant global capitalism as well as towards bringing the accountability to the MNC policies which are communally detrimental. All the way through an assessment of mixed outcomes of the globalization as well as an enhanced awareness of the social responsibilities, some of the studies even conclude that the MNCs would not properly address the specific rights of human beings and their violations if they are assigned merely to an intended set of the principles that are carried out. Few very popular interpretations regarding globalization actually include view about fact that it also is evolutionary procedure of alteration ambitious by the actual technical as well as systematic progress within modern epoch. Also power at the back of this definition also is recent communication as well as information technology rebellion, from which the corporations also function in the global market actually external of the countrywide limits. Novel knowledge even has resulted to force towards international business that is made for attaining relative advantages all amongst their international counterparts. Some other popular meaning of the globalization also maintains that this magnifies as well as intensifies echelon of the communication plus interdependence all along with the country states plus communities. From the realist viewpoint, globalization now has been assumed as a nov el hegemonic scheme upheld by worlds vital industrialist viewpoint. Seen within this, also it is the apparatus of wealthy countries utilized to sustain all of their financial governance. Within its presence chiefly neoliberal itinerary, internationalization is attached to rationalist arrangement of the awareness, capitalist style of manufacture, technical modernism, and also mechanical plus practical equivalence. MNCs actions in developing the world result within the myriad rewards plus expenses. As the effective force for financial integration, MNCs could also generate vast amounts of the income plus wealth intended for all the crowd nations, while in the mean time also supplying jobs within the markets having great stages of the joblessness (Augenstein). Few researches upon MNC actions, disagree that occurrence of the MNCs within the third World financial system also is advantageous and even leads to enhanced life hope as well as decline within the illiteracy as well as infant mor tality tariffs, with increases within first- plus second-cohort rights on a whole. Several other elements also contribute towards increase in power of the corporations. All such include the international fortification of their actual property as well as their prominent duty and role within the international institutions which regulate the trade, like the WTO. As the novel millennium comes in, trends within the global rights of people are also changing. Human rights problems and issues are crossing independent boundaries plus are also no longer merely issues of state. Since extra non-governmental firms are now growing, plus Internet enlarges as well as aids very fast reach of data and information, also there are extra populace raising the anxiety regarding rights of human beings and other interrelated issues. Few of such arrive from more and more superior as well as influential commercial segment including some large, multinational firms. In few situations, some companies have kept the whole governments towards violently supporting the administrations which are encouraging towards them. For instance, particularly within 1970s plus 80s, few tacitly carried authoritarianism like they might manage and organize all of their people, be extra easily influenced as well as corrupted, permit conditions such as inexpensive labor plus sweatshops, and many more. This also is very less realistic in current time as a firms icon along with such relations can extra gladly is marked currently. Additionally then, authority also is getting appropriately spread all t hrough the lobbying intended for international profitable plus trade preparations which are extra advantageous to the firms. Despite the prominence of all this in the political debate, proper corporate power as well as its schemes of the checks as well as steadiness are also not well known. Corporate authority and power at all its present level also were never foreseen by any of the early lawmakers as well as constitutional scholars and researchers, and its groundwork within the law is also very uneasy as well as inconsistent. Yet it is very comprehensible that question of the legitimacy of the corporate authority within the firms has also been distorted. Anyone could incorporate for all the activities that are never illegal. And corporation, granted a minimum of few of constitutionally secured right of the free speech initially contemplated for the individual citizens, that has currently been accorded right towards queries as well as confrontation whether the government is properly performing in communal interest or not. References Arnold, Denis G. 'Libertarian Theories Of The Corporate And Global Capitalism'. Journal of Business Ethics 48.2 (2003): 155-173. Web. Augenstein, Daniel. 'The Crisis Of International Human Rights Law In The Global Market Economy'. SSRN Journal n. pag. Web. McGee, Terry, and Richard Peet. 'Global Capitalism: Theories Of Societal Development'. Economic Geography 68.2 (1992): 210. Web.

Write a Critical Analysis of the General Prologue to Chaucer’s Canterbury free essay sample

The images came into life! I could see the meek noble Knight in his â€Å"clothes†¦a bit drab†¦cotton tunic stained with mud and gore† and also his young handsome son, the Squire, in â€Å"his clothes all embroidered like a bed planted full of fresh flowers white and red†. The bridles of the monk’s horses were â€Å"jingling on the wind as clear and quite as loudly as did the chapel bell† and the resounding Pardoner’s voice was flowing so smoothly during the offertory. Necessarily, few words must be said about the set behind the characters’ portrayal. As the spring has unfolded, twenty nine people from almost every kind of walk in England, wend to pilgrimage to Canterbury. Pilgrimage might serve as a special set for displaying characters. According to Peter Brown, pilgrimage might serve both as â€Å"therapy of the distance† and as searching of your own self[1]. The same author says that â€Å"the saint† had been accommodated in that part of the soul of the ancients, where the layer of their â€Å"ego†[2] and the immediate supernatural layer overlapped in the Classical pre-Christian period. We will write a custom essay sample on Write a Critical Analysis of the General Prologue to Chaucer’s Canterbury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3] Consequently, going to a pilgrimage may serve as a way of self-discovery and consequently a display of characters. Did Chaucer choose the pilgrimage as a plot for his poem with this though in mind? We cannot be sure. The heroes, chosen for discussion are: the Monk, the Pardoner and the Parson. Chaucer draws the air of his characters in a very clever and amusing way. The Monk is â€Å"broad in the beam†; with face â€Å"all smeared in butter†; his â€Å"bald head shone like a mirror on top†; his eyes â€Å"rolled around his head†. He looks so real before the reader’s eyes. But he might and do serve as a collective figure of his class. As we can see from the quotations, Chaucer uses comparisons very skillfully. The ironic manner in which the writer reveals the Monk’s philosophy is also very comical. â€Å"The rules of Saints Maurus and Benedict†¦This modern monk he let these old things pass†¦Why should he drive himself mad with study. Pouring over a dull book in his cell? † Chaucer reveals the Monk as vain and hypocritical. He is supposed to have elevated spiritual life, to be humble and to be spending his time praying for salvation. But instead of that, we see this monk hunting and thinking for nothing but pleasures. Chaucer’s characters are universal and they still trample the earth – with almost no difference in their appearance and manners. Not long time ago, a monk, who is also â€Å"broad in the beam† and â€Å"all smeared in butter,† made the bridles of his â€Å"horsepower† resound quite loudly. [4] The next character in view is the Pardoner. Frankly said, I read the text before Chaucer’s autobiography and then I could swear that Chaucer was a contemporary of Martin Luther. Everything sounded so genuine and historically relevant to Luther’s time. It probably means that the author’s own time did not differ very much from the sixteenth century on the one hand, but on the other hand, it also means that Chaucer succeeded in presenting the real life with very convincing personages of his day. The Pardoner has â€Å"†¦the bright glaring eyes of a wild hare† and the author could swear that â€Å"he was a gelding or a mare†. Again the comparisons are very entertaining and alive. Chaucer continues with the fact that the Pardoner has just arrived from Rome and has â€Å"his wallet is Brimful with pardons brought hot foot from Rome†. His preaching must have consisted of the later Tetzel’s message As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs. The Pardoner is very talented with voice and teaching skills and very persuasive in selling his pardons. He is â€Å"trendy†, sings merrily and â€Å"hones his tongue to win as much as he can from the crowd†. Although there are no indulgences nowadays, there are still many pardoners, for example – the oily American â€Å"trendy† TV preachers who promise great blessings to the giver. [5] [6] (These are must-see). To be realized better, the Pardoner (and the Monk) must be seen in contrast with the next character – the Parson. The Parson is a spotless personality in the poem. He represents the ideal for a church minister. â€Å"A parish priest, and impecunious, but he was rich in faith and charity, a great scholar of theology. † These very first words in the Parson’s description resemble â€Å"The Book of Revelation†: â€Å"I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [7] On the contrary, the Pardoner and the Monk pertain to another category that is described in the same Biblical book. 8] The author does not say much about the Parson’s appearance perhaps because his inner beauty makes it redundant. The Monk and the Pardoner are antipodes of the Parson. The Parson would not leave his sheep and go to Saint Paul’s to sing in order to please the rich as the Pardoner does. He is not a hypocrite like the Monk but â€Å"He taught, but first he followed it himself. † As mentioned above, the Parson is a good theologian. In contrast, the Clerk, â€Å"our fellow from Oxford† despite the fact he studied hard all the time, he was not presented as a good theologian. The Parson and his brother, the Ploughman, represent the later Protestant morals in England. Indisputably, Chaucer’s characters are drawn in an alive, amusing and interesting manner. They breathe, walk and talk. Some people compare â€Å"The Prologue† to a picture-gallery and the pilgrims to twenty nine pictures hung on the wall but I believe they are more than that. There are very good comparisons, descriptions, contrasts in the poem. Chaucer also has a very good sense of humour, he uses irony and possesses great talent in drawing characters. 1] The cult of the Saints, Peter Brown, Sofia 2000, page 113 [2] [3] ibid, page 77 [4] http://dariknews. bg/view_video. php? video_id=149758 [5] http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=zVKGCdE1tRc [6] http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=iRG1ObQJLK4 [7] Revelation 2:9 [8] â€Å"So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth. Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked† 3:16-17

Research Paper in Education in the Philippines - Writing the Outline of Topics for Research Paper in Education

Research Paper in Education in the Philippines - Writing the Outline of Topics for Research Paper in EducationWhen you are preparing a research paper in education in the Philippines, you need to have a good and comprehensive outline of all the topics you would like to discuss. Writing the outline can be done using a spreadsheet application such as Excel, or you may prefer to use Microsoft Word's Notepad application.You will need to know how to gather your data from the notes that you have taken from the course book. There are several methods of collecting data and you need to be aware of which method is suitable for your specific project. You will find that there are three different methods for data collection.Computer aided learning. The easiest method to collect data. One large-scale project will need all the students to go into their computers with their assignments on. Each student must complete the assignment that they are assigned to write.These students then take their assignm ents to the classroom setting where the entire class will be able to view and evaluate their work. Notebooks that have small storage space are advisable. A large group of students will need to write each and every assignment.At the classroom setting, the assignments will be listed out for everyone to see and examine. Students are not allowed to ask for changes to a particular assignment. This means that it is up to each student to keep track of the information in the notebook and document it.This is a time consuming process, but students should not worry about writing the paper. When students have completed the assignment and data has been collected, they can get back to whatever course of study they were doing before. It is also important that they understand that if they are not happy with their work, they can reject it and move on to another assignment.Online note taking. When you are required to attend a lecture that involves taking notes, then this will involve the online note taking. These notes can be stored in MS Word's NotePad application or in your personal word processor.Remember that when you are preparing a research paper in education in the Philippines, you need to have a well-prepared outline of all the topics you would like to discuss. Writing the outline can be done using a spreadsheet application such as Excel, or you may prefer to use Microsoft Word's Notepad application. In the event that you do not know how to use Microsoft Word's Notepad application, you can always use Microsoft Word.

Extension Than Essay Writing - Essay Writing That is More Than Just A Point

Extension Than Essay Writing - Essay Writing That is More Than Just A PointMost students and academics believe essay writing is only required for essays on the standard subjects. The truth is, although some subjects may require a thesis statement, it is not essential for a student to be able to extend further than a certain number of paragraphs. It is not necessary to write longer essays; however, a simple explanation and justifications, either in an introduction, body, conclusion, or notes section, will suffice. There are no rules that state how many paragraphs should be used on each assignment.Students that are in various situations usually look for information about where they can find essays online. Sometimes they come across a free website for writing an essay. These websites do not have a clear guideline for writing an essay. Some articles do not even contain any proper grammar. Most of these websites also have the wrong examples of the articles.Writing a thesis statement is al ways accepted by academic institutions. However, it should be revised as well as rewritten in the various types of literature. An entire essay, however, does not need a thesis statement, but rather gives a reason for the writer to be able to argue for his/her own point of view. One person's viewpoint is never respected if he/she is not given due credit for his/her viewpoint.The different issues to be considered when writing an essay for an essay project are research papers, social studies or similar subjects, science topics, government research papers, etc. The student should be aware of the consequences of plagiarism. Plagiarism may not be that common among students, but when the student is caught for plagiarizing, he/she will definitely lose points that the student has worked hard for.All writers, regardless of the type of writing that they do, have their knowledge base and experience in various genres, styles, and methods. They use this to know more about their topic. Having know ledge and experience in a certain subject that you are writing about is going to help you write a good essay.A good essay is one that contains an effective thesis statement, as well as supporting facts and quotations. The good research paper is one that contains enough facts, citations, etc. for the writer to prove his/her point. The various sources or references to which a thesis statement must be found. These types of essays are the ones that do not require a thesis statement, but rather is proof of the writer's knowledge in that particular subject.Writing an essay is not easy. It takes some time to do a decent article. With more complicated subjects and problems, writing an essay is no longer needed as the writer can include facts and related supporting information to provide proof for his/her statement. In case there is an essay that has more than one source or proof, then the writer can do this as long as the explanation and explanations are specific to the topic.Another thing to remember is that a good essay is not only written properly and grammatically correct but is written in such a way that it adds more value to the writer's research paper, in addition to the benefit of the reader. A good essay can also add to the debate between experts and non-experts, making the topic more worthwhile.

Should You Print Research Papers Front and Back?

Should You Print Research Papers Front and Back?Many employers now encourage their employees to document all of their research in research papers, rather than in conference meetings. One reason that more people are doing this is that they find that conference meetings tend to be boring, because there is not much in them.While you may not have the chance to create a paper in a professional association that might have a specific paper outline, you can create one for your own business. You can use the outline of a typical paper to guide you in creating your own research paper, and your own article.Article Writing: What makes an article effective? It should contain several key elements that help make it successful. Here are some of the elements that you need to focus on when you write an article:First of all, if you write for a professional association, you want to make sure that your content contains information that others will find useful. There are many websites that offer written ar ticles about topics like this, so you might want to find out what they have to say.Creating Your Research Paper: You want to start by researching what type of research papers would be most popular within your field. If you are writing an essay, you would need to include a list of reference sources and general ideas. Your goal is to come up with an original research paper.To get the most out of your research, you will need to use online research databases, such as Google Scholar or Scopus. These databases contain information on any professional research papers that are being written by people in your field.Once you have gotten this information, you can create a summary of your research papers. This will provide the information that you need to write an effective article.

buy custom Delinquency essay

buy custom Delinquency essay In the current case study, three teenagers were found outdoors at 1 AM on a Thursday night; one of them was smoking a cigarette, and two others were holding the beer cans. The young people were violating a number of laws; consequently, I, as a police officer, decided to investigate this issue. All the teenagers have violated the city ordinance regarding the curfew. According to the juvenile curfew ordinance, adopted by the Houston City Council, the minors under 17 years old are not allowed to stay in a public place after midnight without their conservator or parent. When I approached the teenagers, I asked them whether they were returning from their employment, were involved in the intrastate transportation, were on the emergence errand, and about other exceptional cases that allowed minors to stay outdoors after midnight (Houston Police Department, n.d.). The teenagers were certainly loitering and violating the city curfew ordinance. Two male teenagers were holding beer cans when I approached the group. They were to be charged with the offenses under the Minor-in-Possession and Minor-in-Consumption laws. The boys were under the legal drinking age; they both were only 17 years old. The teenagers were not drinking from the bottles, when I saw them; therefore, they can be charged only with breaking the Minor-in-Possession law. However, when the minors started talking, I understood that they were in an advanced state of alcohol intoxication. The male teenagers could not speak audibly, demonstrated inadequate reactions, and reeked of alcohol. Because of these issues, they can be also charged with an underage drinking offense. The teenage girl, who was 16 years old, was holding a cigarette in her hands. Despite the laws that prohibit selling cigarettes to the minors, she was not breaking the law because, in fact, the purchase of that igarette by her could not be proven. The possession of cigarettes by a minor, on the other hand, is not a legal offense (Washington State Legislature, n.d.). The girl did not have the symptoms of visible alcoholic intoxication; consequently, de jure, she violated only the city ordinance regarding the curfew. My investigation of this status offense case began with the examination of the teenagers concerning the reasons of their staying outdoors at night and check of their identity. When I understood that the two minors were seriously drunk, I asked them to take a sobriety test to prove my apprehension with evidence. One of the male teenagers agreed to pass a breathanalyzer test, and I recorded the results. He was drunk but was reacting normally to my words. That is why I told him about the inadmissibility of such behavior; we called up his parents to come to that place and take the teenager home. In addition, they had to attend an alcohol awareness classes together with their son. The teenager, in turn, received a verbal warning for the violation of the curfew ordinance. Another male teenager, however, was uncooperative during our conversation. He showed certain signs of unmotivated aggression and was impolite with the police officer. The teenager also refused to pass the alcohol test. That is why he was charged with resisting law enforcement and was arrested. The minor was taken to the detention center for juveniles, and his parents were called up to come to the center. His parents had to pay 300 dollars as a fine while the teenager was put on probation for a year. Nevertheless, the case did not require a trial, and it will be closed after the probation period (Texas Criminal Defense, n.d.). For the violation of the curfew ordination, the teenager had to serve 50 hours of the community service (Theoharis, n.d.). The problem aggravated when his parents refused to come to the detention center, to paay the fine and take their son home. As it became clear later, the teenagers parents were in the state of divorce; any problems with their son, in turn, on ly worsened the family climate. That is why I decided that it would be better to bring the teenager home in the morning and speak with him when he is sober. As it was mentioned earlier, the teenage girl could be charged with neither alcohol possession nor consumption. Moreover, she also agreed to cooperate and passed the alcohol test. There was no alcohol in her blood; that is why I only issued her a verbal warning for violating the curfew ordinance. The girl seemed to be sorry for her behavior; that was why I did neither took her into the juvenile center nor called up her parents, but took her home by myself (Find Law, n.d.). Nevertheless, I spoke to the mother concerning the behavior of her daughter, and the woman agreed to speak with her child seriously and to control her. The behavior of the teenagers defined my decisions on how to handle these status offense cases. I understand that the written records about the offenses related to the alcohol abuse might affect the lives of those teenagers. Their chances to enter institutes or find prestigious jobs in the future might significantly reduce because of the minor mistakes of their youth. However, for their parents and me, it was necessary to make the teenagers understand the importance of abiding the laws and taking responsibility for their actions. That is why I made an attempt to handle the status offenses in a comparatively mild manner. I can hope that the girl and the first male teenager had understood their mistakes from my verbal warnings and the educational lectures of their parents. I also think that the second male teenager, who obviously had problems with his behavior, which perhaps was caused by the complicated relationships in his family, will overcome these problems. 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About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity

About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century engineering techniques. Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the reign of Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned centuries, from 330 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and on into todays church architecture. Much of what we call Byzantine architecture today is ecclesiastical, meaning church-related. Christianity began to flourish after the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 when Roman Emperor Constantine (c. 285-337) announced his own Christianity, which legitimized the new religion; Christians would no longer be routinely persecuted. With religious freedom, Christians could worship openly and without threat, and the young religion spread rapidly. The need for places of worship expanded as did the need for new approaches to building design. Hagia Irene (also known as Haghia Eirene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi) in Istanbul, Turkey is the  site of the first Christian church ordered built by Constantine in the 4th Century. Many of these early churches were destroyed but rebuilt atop their rubble by Emperor Justinian. Hagia Irene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey. Salvator Barki/Getty Images (cropped) Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. They were designed after the Greek cross or crux immissa quadrata instead of the Latin crux ordinaria of Gothic cathedrals. Early Byzantine churches might have one, dominant center dome of great height, rising from a square base on half-dome pillars or pendentives. Byzantine architecture blended Western and Middle Eastern architectural details and ways of doing things. Builders renounced the Classical Order in favor of columns with decorative impost blocks inspired by Middle Eastern designs. Mosaic decorations and narratives were common. For example, the mosaic image of Justinian in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy honors the Roman Christian Emporer. The early Middle Ages was also a time of experimentation with building methods and materials. Clerestory windows became a popular way for natural light and ventilation to enter an otherwise dark and smokey building. Mosaic of the Roman Christian Emporer Justinian I Flanked by Military and Clergy. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Construction and Engineering Techniques How do you put a huge, round dome onto a square-shaped room? Byzantine builders experimented with different methods of construction; when ceilings fell in, they tried something else. Art historian Hans Buchwald writes that: Sophisticated methods for assuring structural solidity were developed, such as well-built deep foundations, wooden tie-rod systems in vaults, walls and foundations, and metal chains placed horizontally inside masonry. Byzantine engineers turned to the structural use of pendentives to elevate domes to new heights. With this technique, a dome can rise from the top of a vertical cylinder, like a silo, giving height to the dome. Like the Hagia Irene, the exterior of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy is characterized by the silo-like pendentive construction. A good example of pendentives seen from the inside is the interior of the ​Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Istanbul, one of the most famous Byzantine structures in the world. Inside the Hagia Sophia. Frà ©dà ©ric Soltan/Corbis via Getty Images Why This Style Is Called Byzantine In the year 330, Emperor Constantine relocated the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to a part of Turkey known as Byzantium (present-day Istanbul). Constantine renamed Byzantium to be called Constantinople after himself. What we call the Byzantine Empire is really the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West. While the Eastern Empire was centered in Byzantium, the Western Roman Empire was centered in Ravenna, in northeast Italy, which is why Ravenna is a well-known tourist destination for Byzantine architecture. The Western Roman Empire in Ravenna fell in 476 but was recaptured in 540 by Justinian. Justinians Byzantine influence is still felt in Ravenna. Byzantine Architecture, East and West The Roman Emperor Flavius Justinianus was not born in Rome, but in Tauresium, Macedonia in Eastern Europe in about 482. His place of birth is a major factor why the reign of the Christian Emperor changed the shape of architecture between 527 and 565. Justinian was a ruler of Rome, but he grew up with the people of the Eastern world. He was a Christian leader uniting two worlds; construction methods and architectural details were passed back and forth. Buildings that previously had been built similar to those in Rome took on more local, Eastern influences. Justinian reconquered the Western Roman Empire, which had been taken over by barbarians, and Eastern architectural traditions were introduced to the West. A mosaic image of Justinian from the Basilica of San Vitale, in Ravenna, Italy is a testament to the Byzantine influence on the Ravenna area, which remains a great center of Italian Byzantine architecture. Byzantine Architecture Influences Architects and builders learned from each of their projects and from each other. Churches built in the East influenced the construction and design of sacred architecture built in many places. For example, the Byzantine Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, a small Istanbul experiment from the year 530, influenced the final design of the most famous Byzantine Church, the grand Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya), which itself inspired the creation of Blue Mosque of Constantinople in 1616. The Eastern Roman Empire profoundly influenced early Islamic architecture, including the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. In Orthodox countries such as Russia and Romania, Eastern Byzantine architecture persisted, as shown by the 15th century Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Byzantine architecture in the Western Roman Empire, including in Italian towns such as Ravenna, more quickly gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and the towering spire replaced the high domes of early Christian architecture. Architectural periods have no borders, especially during what is known as the Middle Ages. The period of Medieval architecture from roughly 500 to 1500 is sometimes called Middle and Late Byzantine. Ultimately, names are less important than influence, and architecture has always been subject to the next great idea. The impact of Justinians rule was felt long after his death in A.D. 565. Source Buchwald, Hans. The Dictionary of Art, Volume 9. Jane Turner, ed. Macmillan, 1996, p. 524